The Stromata, or Miscellanies - Book 2

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Chapter I.--Introductory. [2153]

As Scripture has called the Greeks pilferers of the Barbarian [2154]
philosophy, it will next have to be considered how this may be briefly
demonstrated. For we shall not only show that they have imitated and
copied the marvels recorded in our books; but we shall prove, besides,
that they have plagiarized and falsified (our writings being, as we
have shown, older) the chief dogmas they hold, both on faith and
knowledge and science, and hope and love, and also on repentance and
temperance and the fear of God,--a whole swarm, verily, of the virtues
of truth.

Whatever the explication necessary on the point in hand shall demand,
shall be embraced, and especially what is occult in the barbarian
philosophy, the department of symbol and enigma; which those who have
subjected the teaching of the ancients to systematic philosophic study
have affected, as being in the highest degree serviceable, nay,
absolutely necessary to the knowledge of truth. In addition, it will in
my opinion form an appropriate sequel to defend those tenets, on
account of which the Greeks assail us, making use of a few Scriptures,
if perchance the Jew also may listen [2155] and be able quietly to turn
from what he has believed to Him on whom he has not believed. The
ingenuous among the philosophers will then with propriety be taken up
in a friendly exposure both of their life and of the discovery of new
dogmas, not in the way of our avenging ourselves on our detractors (for
that is far from being the case with those who have learned to bless
those who curse, even though they needlessly discharge on us words of
blasphemy), but with a view to their conversion; if by any means these
adepts in wisdom may feel ashamed, being brought to their senses by
barbarian demonstration; so as to be able, although late, to see
clearly of what sort are the intellectual acquisitions for which they
make pilgrimages over the seas. Those they have stolen are to be
pointed out, that we may thereby pull down their conceit; and of those
on the discovery of which through investigation they plume themselves,
the refutation will be furnished. By consequence, also we must treat of
what is called the curriculum of study--how far it is serviceable;
[2156] and of astrology, and mathematics, and magic, and sorcery. For
all the Greeks boast of these as the highest sciences. "He who reproves
boldly is a peacemaker." [2157] We have often said already that we have
neither practiced nor do we study the expressing ourselves in pure
Greek; for this suits those who seduce the multitude from the truth.
But true philosophic demonstration will contribute to the profit not of
the listeners' tongues, but of their minds. And, in my opinion, he who
is solicitous about truth ought not to frame his language with
artfulness and care, but only to try to express his meaning as he best
can. For those who are particular about words, and devote their time to
them, miss the things. [2158] It is a feat fit for the gardener to
pluck without injury the rose that is growing among the thorns; and for
the craftsman to find out the pearl buried in the oyster's flesh. And
they say that fowls have flesh of the most agreeable quality, when,
through not being supplied with abundance of food, they pick their
sustenance with difficulty, scraping with their feet. If any one, then,
speculating on what is similar, wants to arrive [2159] at the truth
[that is] in the numerous Greek plausibilities, like the real face
beneath masks, he will hunt it out with much pains. For the power that
appeared in the vision to Hermas said, "Whatever may be revealed to
you, shall be revealed." [2160]
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[2153] ["The Epistles of the New Testament have all a particular reference to the condition and usages of the Christian world at the time they were written. Therefore as they cannot be thoroughly understood, unless that condition and those usages are known and attended to, so further, though they be known, yet if they be discontinued or changed ... references to such circumstances, now ceased or altered, cannot, at this time, be urged in that manner and with that force which they were to the primitive Christians." This quotation from one of Bishop Butler's Ethical Sermons has many bearings on the study of our author; but the sermon itself, with its sequel, On Human Nature, may well be read in connection with the Stromata. See Butler, Ethical Discourses, p. 77. Philadelphia, 1855.]
[2154] Referring in particular to the Jews.
[2155] [Col. iv. 6.]
[2156] The text reads achrestos: Sylburg prefers the reading euchrestos.
[2157] Prov. x. 10, Septuagint.
[2158] [diadidraskei ta pragmata. A truly Platonic thrust at sophistical rhetoricians.]
[2159] deileluthenai, suggested by Sylb. As more suitable than the dialelethenai of the text.
[2160] Hermas--close of third vision, [cap. 13. p. 17, supra.]
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Chapter II.--The Knowledge of God Can Be Attained Only Through Faith.

"Be not elated on account of thy wisdom," say the Proverbs. "In all thy
ways acknowledge her, that she may direct thy ways, and that thy foot
may not stumble." By these remarks he means to show that our deeds
ought to be conformable to reason, and to manifest further that we
ought to select and possess what is useful out of all culture. Now the
ways of wisdom are various that lead right to the way of truth. Faith
is the way. "Thy foot shall not stumble" is said with reference to some
who seem to oppose the one divine administration of Providence. Whence
it is added, "Be not wise in thine own eyes," according to the impious
ideas which revolt against the administration of God. "But fear God,"
who alone is powerful. Whence it follows as a consequence that we are
not to oppose God. The sequel especially teaches clearly, that "the
fear of God is departure from evil;" for it is said, "and depart from
all evil." Such is the discipline of wisdom ("for whom the Lord loveth
He chastens" [2161] ), causing pain in order to produce understanding,
and restoring to peace and immortality. Accordingly, the Barbarian
philosophy, which we follow, is in reality perfect and true. And so it
is said in the book of Wisdom: "For He hath given me the unerring
knowledge of things that exist, to know the constitution of the word,"
and so forth, down to "and the virtues of roots." Among all these he
comprehends natural science, which treats of all the phenomena in the
world of sense. And in continuation, he alludes also to intellectual
objects in what he subjoins: "And what is hidden or manifest I know;
for Wisdom, the artificer of all things, taught me." [2162] You have,
in brief, the professed aim of our philosophy; and the learning of
these branches, when pursued with right course of conduct, leads
through Wisdom, the artificer of all things, to the Ruler of all,--a
Being difficult to grasp and apprehend, ever receding and withdrawing
from him who pursues. But He who is far off has--oh ineffable
marvel!--come very near. "I am a God that draws near," says the Lord.
He is in essence remote; "for how is it that what is begotten can have
approached the Unbegotten?" But He is very near in virtue of that power
which holds all things in its embrace. "Shall one do aught in secret,
and I see him not?" [2163] For the power of God is always present, in
contact with us, in the exercise of inspection, of beneficence, of
instruction. Whence Moses, persuaded that God is not to be known by
human wisdom, said, "Show me Thy glory;" [2164] and into the thick
darkness where God's voice was, pressed to enter--that is, into the
inaccessible and invisible ideas respecting Existence. For God is not
in darkness or in place, but above both space and time, and qualities
of objects. Wherefore neither is He at any time in a part, either as
containing or as contained, either by limitation or by section. "For
what house will ye build to Me?" saith the Lord. [2165] Nay, He has not
even built one for Himself, since He cannot be contained. And though
heaven be called His throne, not even thus is He contained, but He
rests delighted in the creation.

It is clear, then, that the truth has been hidden from us; and if that
has been already shown by one example, we shall establish it a little
after by several more. How entirely worthy of approbation are they who
are both willing to learn, and able, according to Solomon, "to know
wisdom and instruction, and to perceive the words of wisdom, to receive
knotty words, and to perceive true righteousness," there being another
[righteousness as well], not according to the truth, taught by the
Greek laws, and by the rest of the philosophers. "And to direct
judgments," it is said--not those of the bench, but he means that we
must preserve sound and free of error the judicial faculty which is
within us--"That I may give subtlety to the simple, to the young man
sense and understanding." [2166] "For the wise man," who has been
persuaded to obey the commandments, "having heard these things, will
become wiser" by knowledge; and "the intelligent man will acquire rule,
and will understand a parable and a dark word, the sayings and enigmas
of the wise." [2167] For it is not spurious words which those inspired
by God and those who are gained over by them adduce, nor is it snares
in which the most of the sophists entangle the young, spending their
time on nought true. But those who possess the Holy Spirit "search the
deep things of God," [2168] --that is, grasp the secret that is in the
prophecies. "To impart of holy things to the dogs" is forbidden, so
long as they remain beasts. For never ought those who are envious and
perturbed, and still infidel in conduct, shameless in barking at
investigation, to dip in the divine and clear stream of the living
water. "Let not the waters of thy fountain overflow, and let thy waters
spread over thine own streets." [2169] For it is not many who
understand such things as they fall in with; or know them even after
learning them, though they think they do, according to the worthy
Heraclitus. Does not even he seem to thee to censure those who believe
not? "Now my just one shall live by faith," [2170] the prophet said.
And another prophet also says, "Except ye believe, neither shall ye
understand." [2171] For how ever could the soul admit the
transcendental contemplation of such themes, while unbelief respecting
what was to be learned struggled within? But faith, which the Greeks
disparage, deeming it futile and barbarous, is a voluntary
preconception, [2172] the assent of piety--"the subject of things hoped
for, the evidence of things not seen," according to the divine apostle.
"For hereby," pre-eminently, "the elders obtained a good report. But
without faith it is impossible to please God." [2173] Others have
defined faith to be a uniting assent to an unseen object, as certainly
the proof of an unknown thing is an evident assent. If then it be
choice, being desirous of something, the desire is in this instance
intellectual. And since choice is the beginning of action, faith is
discovered to be the beginning of action, being the foundation of
rational choice in the case of any one who exhibits to himself the
previous demonstration through faith. Voluntarily to follow what is
useful, is the first principle of understanding. Unswerving choice,
then, gives considerable momentum in the direction of knowledge. The
exercise of faith directly becomes knowledge, reposing on a sure
foundation. Knowledge, accordingly, is defined by the sons of the
philosophers as a habit, which cannot be overthrown by reason. Is there
any other true condition such as this, except piety, of which alone the
Word is teacher? [2174] I think not. Theophrastus says that sensation
is the root of faith. For from it the rudimentary principles extend to
the reason that is in us, and the understanding. He who believeth then
the divine Scriptures with sure judgment, receives in the voice of God,
who bestowed the Scripture, a demonstration that cannot be impugned.
Faith, then, is not established by demonstration. "Blessed therefore
those who, not having seen, yet have believed." [2175] The Siren's
songs, exhibiting a power above human, fascinated those that came near,
conciliating them, almost against their will, to the reception of what
was said.
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[2161] Prov. iii. 5, 6, 7, 12, 23.
[2162] Wisd. vii. 17, 20, 21, 22.
[2163] Jer. xxiii. 23, 24.
[2164] Ex. xxxiii. 18.
[2165] Isa. lxvi. 1.
[2166] ennoian, not eunoian, as in the text.
[2167] Prov. i. 2-6.
[2168] 1 Cor. ii. 10.
[2169] Prov. v. 16.
[2170] Hab. ii. 4.
[2171] Isa. vii. 9.
[2172] Or anticipation, prolepsis.
[2173] Heb. xi. 1, 2, 6.
[2174] Adopting Lowth's conjecture of supplying plen before theosebeias.
[2175] John xx. 29. [Note this definition of true knowledge, followed by an appeal to the Scriptures as infallible teaching. No need to say that no other infallibility is ever hinted, or dreamed of, by Clement.]
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Chapter III.--Faith Not a Product of Nature.

Now the followers of Basilides regard faith as natural, as they also
refer it to choice, [representing it] as finding ideas by intellectual
comprehension without demonstration; while the followers of Valentinus
assign faith to us, the simple, but will have it that knowledge springs
up in their own selves (who are saved by nature) through the advantage
of a germ of superior excellence, saying that it is as far removed from
faith as [2176] the spiritual is from the animal. Further, the
followers of Basilides say that faith as well as choice is proper
according to every interval; and that in consequence of the
supramundane selection mundane faith accompanies all nature, and that
the free gift of faith is comformable to the hope of each. Faith, then,
is no longer the direct result of free choice, if it is a natural
advantage.

Nor will he who has not believed, not being the author [of his
unbelief], meet with a due recompense; and he that has believed is not
the cause [of his belief]. And the entire peculiarity and difference of
belief and unbelief will not fall under either praise or censure, if we
reflect rightly, since there attaches to it the antecedent natural
necessity proceeding from the Almighty. And if we are pulled like
inanimate things by the puppet-strings of natural powers, willingness
[2177] and unwillingness, and impulse, which is the antecedent of both,
are mere redundancies. And for my part, I am utterly incapable of
conceiving such an animal as has its appetencies, which are moved by
external causes, under the dominion of necessity. And what place is
there any longer for the repentance of him who was once an unbeliever,
through which comes forgiveness of sins? So that neither is baptism
rational, nor the blessed seal, [2178] nor the Son, nor the Father. But
God, as I think, turns out to be the distribution to men of natural
powers, which has not as the foundation of salvation voluntary faith.
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[2176] The text reads e: but Sylb. suggests he, which we have adopted.
[2177] kai to hekousion is supplied as required by the sense. The text has akousion only, for which Lowth proposes to read hekousion.
[2178] Either baptism or the imposition of hands after baptism. [For an almost pontifical decision as to this whole matter, with a very just eulogy of the German (Lutheran) confirmation-office, see Bunsen, Hippol., iii. pp. 214, 369.]
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Chapter IV.--Faith the Foundation of All Knowledge.

But we, who have heard by the Scriptures that self-determining choice
and refusal have been given by the Lord to men, rest in the infallible
criterion of faith, manifesting a willing spirit, since we have chosen
life and believe God through His voice. And he who has believed the
Word knows the matter to be true; for the Word is truth. But he who has
disbelieved Him that speaks, has disbelieved God.

"By faith we understand that the worlds were framed by the word of God,
so that what is seen was not made of things which appear," says the
apostle. "By faith Abel offered to God a fuller sacrifice than Cain, by
which he received testimony that he was righteous, God giving testimony
to him respecting his gifts; and by it he, being dead, yet speaketh,"
and so forth, down to "than enjoy the pleasures of sin for a season."
[2179] Faith having, therefore, justified these before the law, made
them heirs of the divine promise. Why then should I review and adduce
any further testimonies of faith from the history in our hands? "For
the time would fail me were I to tell of Gideon, Barak, Samson,
Jephtha, David, and Samuel, and the prophets," and what follows. [2180]
Now, inasmuch as there are four things in which the truth
resides--Sensation, Understanding, Knowledge, Opinion,--intellectual
apprehension is first in the order of nature; but in our case, and in
relation to ourselves, Sensation is first, and of Sensation and
Understanding the essence of Knowledge is formed; and evidence is
common to Understanding and Sensation. Well, Sensation is the ladder to
Knowledge; while Faith, advancing over the pathway of the objects of
sense, leaves Opinion behind, and speeds to things free of deception,
and reposes in the truth.

Should one say that Knowledge is founded on demonstration by a process
of reasoning, let him hear that first principles are incapable of
demonstration; for they are known neither by art nor sagacity. For the
latter is conversant about objects that are susceptible of change,
while the former is practical solely, and not theoretical. [2181] Hence
it is thought that the first cause of the universe can be apprehended
by faith alone. For all knowledge is capable of being taught; and what
is capable of being taught is founded on what is known before. But the
first cause of the universe was not previously known to the Greeks;
neither, accordingly, to Thales, who came to the conclusion that water
was the first cause; nor to the other natural philosophers who
succeeded him, since it was Anaxagoras who was the first who assigned
to Mind the supremacy over material things. But not even he preserved
the dignity suited to the efficient cause, describing as he did certain
silly vortices, together with the inertia and even foolishness of Mind.
Wherefore also the Word says, "Call no man master on earth." [2182] For
knowledge is a state of mind that results from demonstration; but faith
is a grace which from what is indemonstrable conducts to what is
universal and simple, what is neither with matter, nor matter, nor
under matter. But those who believe not, as to be expected, drag all
down from heaven, and the region of the invisible, to earth,
"absolutely grasping with their hands rocks and oaks," according to
Plato. For, clinging to all such things, they asseverate that that
alone exists which can be touched and handled, defining body and
essence to be identical: disputing against themselves, they very
piously defend the existence of certain intellectual and bodiless forms
descending somewhere from above from the invisible world, vehemently
maintaining that there is a true essence. "Lo, I make new things,"
saith the Word, "which eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, nor hath it
entered into the heart of man." [2183] With a new eye, a new ear, a new
heart, whatever can be seen and heard is to be apprehended, by the
faith and understanding of the disciples of the Lord, who speak, hear,
and act spiritually. For there is genuine coin, and other that is
spurious; which no less deceives unprofessionals, that it does not the
money-changers; who know through having learned how to separate and
distinguish what has a false stamp from what is genuine. So the
money-changer only says to the unprofessional man that the coin is
counterfeit. But the reason why, only the banker's apprentice, and he
that is trained to this department, learns.

Now Aristotle says that the judgment which follows knowledge is in
truth faith. Accordingly, faith is something superior to knowledge, and
is its criterion. Conjecture, which is only a feeble supposition,
counterfeits faith; as the flatterer counterfeits a friend, and the
wolf the dog. And as the workman sees that by learning certain things
he becomes an artificer, and the helmsman by being instructed in the
art will be able to steer; he does not regard the mere wishing to
become excellent and good enough, but he must learn it by the exercise
of obedience. But to obey the Word, whom we call Instructor, is to
believe Him, going against Him in nothing. For how can we take up a
position of hostility to God? Knowledge, accordingly, is characterized
by faith; and faith, by a kind of divine mutual and reciprocal
correspondence, becomes characterized by knowledge.

Epicurus, too, who very greatly preferred pleasure to truth, supposes
faith to be a preconception of the mind; and defines preconception to
be a grasping at something evident, and at the clear understanding of
the thing; and asserts that, without preconception, no one can either
inquire, or doubt, or judge, or even argue. How can one, without a
preconceived idea of what he is aiming after, learn about that which is
the subject of his investigation? He, again, who has learned has
already turned his preconception [2184] into comprehension. And if he
who learns, learns not without a preconceived idea which takes in what
is expressed, that man has ears to hear the truth. And happy is the man
that speaks to the ears of those who hear; as happy certainly also is
he who is a child of obedience. Now to hear is to understand. If, then,
faith is nothing else than a preconception of the mind in regard to
what is the subject of discourse, and obedience is so called, and
understanding and persuasion; no one shall learn aught without faith,
since no one [learns aught] without preconception. Consequently there
is a more ample demonstration of the complete truth of what was spoken
by the prophet, "Unless ye believe, neither will ye understand."
Paraphrasing this oracle, Heraclitus of Ephesus says, "If a man hope
not, he will not find that which is not hoped for, seeing it is
inscrutable and inaccessible." Plato the philosopher, also, in The
Laws, says, "that he who would be blessed and happy, must be straight
from the beginning a partaker of the truth, so as to live true for as
long a period as possible; for he is a man of faith. But the unbeliever
is one to whom voluntary falsehood is agreeable; and the man to whom
involuntary falsehood is agreeable is senseless; [2185] neither of
which is desirable. For he who is devoid of friendliness, is faithless
and ignorant." And does he not enigmatically say in Euthydemus, that
this is "the regal wisdom"? In The Statesman he says expressly, "So
that the knowledge of the true king is kingly; and he who possesses it,
whether a prince or private person, shall by all means, in consequence
of this act, be rightly styled royal." Now those who have believed in
Christ both are and are called Chrestoi (good), [2186] as those who are
cared for by the true king are kingly. For as the wise are wise by
their wisdom, and those observant of law are so by the law; so also
those who belong to Christ the King are kings, and those that are
Christ's Christians. Then, in continuation, he adds clearly, "What is
right will turn out to be lawful, law being in its nature right reason,
and not found in writings or elsewhere." And the stranger of Elea
pronounces the kingly and statesmanlike man "a living law." Such is he
who fulfils the law, "doing the will of the Father," [2187] inscribed
on a lofty pillar, and set as an example of divine virtue to all who
possess the power of seeing. The Greeks are acquainted with the staves
of the Ephori at Lacedaemon, inscribed with the law on wood. But my
law, as was said above, is both royal and living; and it is right
reason. "Law, which is king of all--of mortals and immortals," as the
Boeotian Pindar sings. For Speusippus, [2188] in the first book against
Cleophon, seems to write like Plato on this wise: "For if royalty be a
good thing, and the wise man the only king and ruler, the law, which is
right reason, is good;" [2189] which is the case. The Stoics teach what
is in conformity with this, assigning kinghood, priesthood, prophecy,
legislation, riches, true beauty, noble birth, freedom, to the wise man
alone. But that he is exceedingly difficult to find, is confessed even
by them.
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[2179] Heb. xi. 3, 4, 25.
[2180] Heb. xi. 32.
[2181] Instead of mononouchi, Petavius and Lowth read monon ouchi, as above.
[2182] Matt. xxiii. 9.
[2183] Isa. lxiv. 4; 1 Cor. ii. 9.
[2184] katalepsin poiei ten prolepsin.
[2185] ou zoon is here interpolated into the text, not being found in Plato.
[2186] Christos and chrestos are very frequently compared in the patristic authors.
[2187] Matt. xxi. 31.
[2188] Plato's sister's son and successor.
[2189] spoudaios.
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Chapter V.--He Proves by Several Examples that the Greeks Drew from the Sacred Writers.

Accordingly all those above-mentioned dogmas appear to have been
transmitted from Moses the great to the Greeks. That all things belong
to the wise man, is taught in these words: "And because God hath showed
me mercy, I have all things." [2190] And that he is beloved of God, God
intimates when He says, "The God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, the God
of Jacob." [2191] For the first is found to have been expressly called
"friend;" [2192] and the second is shown to have received a new name,
signifying "he that sees God;" [2193] while Isaac, God in a figure
selected for Himself as a consecrated sacrifice, to be a type to us of
the economy of salvation.

Now among the Greeks, Minos the king of nine years' reign, and familiar
friend of Zeus, is celebrated in song; they having heard how once God
conversed with Moses, "as one speaking with his friend." [2194] Moses,
then, was a sage, king, legislator. But our Saviour surpasses all human
nature. [2195] He is so lovely, as to be alone loved by us, whose
hearts are set on the true beauty, for "He was the true light." [2196]
He is shown to be a King, as such hailed by unsophisticated children
and by the unbelieving and ignorant Jews, and heralded by the prophets.
So rich is He, that He despised the whole earth, and the gold above and
beneath it, with all glory, when given to Him by the adversary. What
need is there to say that He is the only High Priest, who alone
possesses the knowledge of the worship of God? [2197] He is
Melchizedek, "King of peace," [2198] the most fit of all to head the
race of men. A legislator too, inasmuch as He gave the law by the mouth
of the prophets, enjoining and teaching most distinctly what things are
to be done, and what not. Who of nobler lineage than He whose only
Father is God? Come, then, let us produce Plato assenting to those very
dogmas. The wise man he calls rich in the Phoedrus, when he says, "O
dear Pan, and whatever other gods are here, grant me to become fair
within; and whatever external things I have, let them be agreeable to
what is within. I would reckon the wise man rich." [2199] And the
Athenian stranger, [2200] finding fault with those who think that those
who have many possessions are rich, speaks thus: "For the very rich to
be also good is impossible--those, I mean, whom the multitude count
rich. Those they call rich, who, among a few men, are owners of the
possessions worth most money; which any bad man may possess." "The
whole world of wealth belongs to the believer," [2201] Solomon says,
"but not a penny to the unbeliever." Much more, then, is the Scripture
to be believed which says, "It is easier for a camel to go through the
eye of a needle, than for a rich man" [2202] to lead a philosophic
life. But, on the other hand, it blesses "the poor;" [2203] as Plato
understood when he said, "It is not the diminishing of one's resources,
but the augmenting of insatiableness, that is to be considered poverty;
for it is not slender means that ever constitutes poverty, but
insatiableness, from which the good man being free, will also be rich."
And in Alcibiades he calls vice a servile thing, and virtue the
attribute of freemen. "Take away from you the heavy yoke, and take up
the easy one," [2204] says the Scripture; as also the poets call [vice]
a slavish yoke. And the expression, "Ye have sold yourselves to your
sins," agrees with what is said above: "Every one, then, who committeth
sin is a slave; and the slave abideth not in the house for ever. But if
the Son shall make you free, then shall ye be free, and the truth shall
make you free." [2205]

And again, that the wise man is beautiful, the Athenian stranger
asserts, in the same way as if one were to affirm that certain persons
were just, even should they happen to be ugly in their persons. And in
speaking thus with respect to eminent rectitude of character, no one
who should assert them to be on this account beautiful would be thought
to speak extravagantly. And "His appearance was inferior to all the
Sons of men," [2206] prophecy predicted.

Plato, moreover, has called the wise man a king, in The Statesman. The
remark is quoted above.

These points being demonstrated, let us recur again to our discourse on
faith. Well, with the fullest demonstration, Plato proves, that there
is need of faith everywhere, celebrating peace at the same time: "For
no man will ever be trusty and sound in seditions without entire
virtue. There are numbers of mercenaries full of fight, and willing to
die in war; but, with a very few exceptions, the most of them are
desperadoes and villains, insolent and senseless." If these
observations are right, "every legislator who is even of slight use,
will, in making his laws, have an eye to the greatest virtue. Such is
fidelity," [2207] which we need at all times, both in peace and in war,
and in all the rest of our life, for it appears to embrace the other
virtues. "But the best thing is neither war nor sedition, for the
necessity of these is to be deprecated. But peace with one another and
kindly feeling are what is best." From these remarks the greatest
prayer evidently is to have peace, according to Plato. And faith is the
greatest mother of the virtues. Accordingly it is rightly said in
Solomon, "Wisdom is in the mouth of the faithful." [2208] Since also
Xenocrates, in his book on "Intelligence," says "that wisdom is the
knowledge of first causes and of intellectual essence." He considers
intelligence as twofold, practical and theoretical, which latter is
human wisdom. Consequently wisdom is intelligence, but all intelligence
is not wisdom. And it has been shown, that the knowledge of the first
cause of the universe is of faith, but is not demonstration. For it
were strange that the followers of the Samian Pythagoras, rejecting
demonstrations of subjects of question, should regard the bare ipse
dixit [2209] as ground of belief; and that this expression alone
sufficed for the confirmation of what they heard, while those devoted
to the contemplation of the truth, presuming to disbelieve the
trustworthy Teacher, God the only Saviour, should demand of Him tests
of His utterances. But He says, "He that hath ears to hear, let him
hear." And who is he? Let Epicharmus say:--


"Mind sees, mind hears; all besides is deaf and blind." [2210]

Rating some as unbelievers, Heraclitus says, "Not knowing how to hear
or to speak;" aided doubtless by Solomon, who says, "If thou lovest to
hear, thou shalt comprehend; and if thou incline thine ear, thou shalt
be wise." [2211]
__________________________________________________________________
[2190] The words of Jacob to Esau slightly changed from the Septuagint: "For God hath shown mercy to me, and I have all things"--oti eleese me ho Theos kai esti moi panta (Gen. xxxiii. 11).
[2191] Ex. iii. 16.
[2192] Jas. ii. 23.
[2193] So the name Israel is explained, Stromata, i. p. 334, Potter; [see p. 300, supra.]
[2194] Ex. xxxiii. 11.
[2195] [This passage, down to the reference to Plato, is unspeakably sublime. One loves Clement for this exclusive loyalty to the Saviour.]
[2196] John i. 9.
[2197] The Stoics defined piety as " the knowledge of the worship of God."
[2198] Heb. vii. 2.
[2199] Socrates in the Phoedrus, near the end, [p. 279.]
[2200] Introduced by Plato in The Laws, conversing with Socrates.
[2201] Taken likely from some apocryphal writing.
[2202] Matt. xix. 24.
[2203] Matt. v. 3.
[2204] Matt. xi. 28-30.
[2205] John viii. 32-36.
[2206] Isa. liii. 3. [That is after he became the Man of Sorrows; not originally.]
[2207] pistotes.
[2208] Ecclus. xv. 10.
[2209] Laertius, in opposition to the general account, ascribes the celebrated autos epha to Pythagoras Zacynthus. Suidas, who with the most ascribes it to the Samian Pythagoras, says that it meant "God has said," as he professed to have received his doctrines from God.
[2210] This famous line of Epicharmus the comic poet is quoted by Tertullian (de Anima), by Plutarch, by Jamblichus, and Porphyry.
[2211] Ecclus. vi. 33.
__________________________________________________________________

Chapter VI.--The Excellence and Utility of Faith.

"Lord, who hath believed our report?" [2212] Isaiah says. For "faith
cometh by hearing, and hearing by the word of God," saith the apostle.
"How then shall they call on Him in whom they have not believed? And
how shall they believe on Him whom they have not heard? And how shall
they hear without a preacher? And how shall they preach except they be
sent? As it is written, How beautiful are the feet of those that
publish glad tidings of good things." [2213] You see how he brings
faith by hearing, and the preaching of the apostles, up to the word of
the Lord, and to the Son of God. We do not yet understand the word of
the Lord to be demonstration.

As, then, playing at ball not only depends on one throwing the ball
skilfully, but it requires besides one to catch it dexterously, that
the game may be gone through according to the rules for ball; so also
is it the case that teaching is reliable when faith on the part of
those who hear, being, so to speak, a sort of natural art, contributes
to the process of learning. So also the earth co-operates, through its
productive power, being fit for the sowing of the seed. For there is no
good of the very best instruction without the exercise of the receptive
faculty on the part of the learner, not even of prophecy, when there is
the absence of docility on the part of those who hear. For dry twigs,
being ready to receive the power of fire, are kindled with great ease;
and the far-famed stone [2214] attracts steel through affinity, as the
amber tear-drop drags to itself twigs, and the lump sets chaff in
motion. And the substances attracted obey them, influenced by a subtle
spirit, not as a cause, but as a concurring cause.

There being then a twofold species of vice--that characterized by craft
and stealth, and that which leads and drives with violence--the divine
Word cries, calling all together; knowing perfectly well those that
will not obey; notwithstanding then since to obey or not is in our own
power, provided we have not the excuse of ignorance to adduce. He makes
a just call, and demands of each according to his strength. For some
are able as well as willing, having reached this point through practice
and being purified; while others, if they are not yet able, already
have the will. Now to will is the act of the soul, but to do is not
without the body. Nor are actions estimated by their issue alone; but
they are judged also according to the element of free choice in
each,--if he chose easily, if he repented of his sins, if he reflected
on his failures and repented (metegno), which is (meta tauta egno)
"afterwards knew." For repentance is a tardy knowledge, and primitive
innocence is knowledge. Repentance, then, is an effect of faith. For
unless a man believe that to which he was addicted to be sin, he will
not abandon it; and if he do not believe punishment to be impending
over the transgressor, and salvation to be the portion of him who lives
according to the commandments, he will not reform.

Hope, too, is based on faith. Accordingly the followers of Basilides
define faith to be, the assent of the soul to any of those things, that
do not affect the senses through not being present. And hope is the
expectation of the possession of good. Necessarily, then, is
expectation founded on faith. Now he is faithful who keeps inviolably
what is entrusted to him; and we are entrusted with the utterances
respecting God and the divine words, the commands along with the
execution of the injunctions. This is the faithful servant, who is
praised by the Lord. And when it is said, "God is faithful," it is
intimated that He is worthy to be believed when declaring aught. Now
His Word declares; and "God" Himself is "faithful." [2215] How, then,
if to believe is to suppose, do the philosophers think that what
proceeds from themselves is sure? For the voluntary assent to a
preceding demonstration is not supposition, but it is assent to
something sure. Who is more powerful than God? Now unbelief is the
feeble negative supposition of one opposed to Him: as incredulity is a
condition which admits faith with difficulty. Faith is the voluntary
supposition and anticipation of pre-comprehension. Expectation is an
opinion about the future, and expectation about other things is opinion
about uncertainty. Confidence is a strong judgment about a thing.
Wherefore we believe Him in whom we have confidence unto divine glory
and salvation. And we confide in Him, who is God alone, whom we know,
that those things nobly promised to us, and for this end benevolently
created and bestowed by Him on us, will not fail.

Benevolence is the wishing of good things to another for his sake. For
He needs nothing; and the beneficence and benignity which flow from the
Lord terminate in us, being divine benevolence, and benevolence
resulting in beneficence. And if to Abraham on his believing it was
counted for righteousness; and if we are the seed of Abraham, then we
must also believe through hearing. For we are Israelites, who are
convinced not by signs, but by hearing. Wherefore it is said, "Rejoice,
O barren, that barest not; break forth and cry, thou that didst not
travail with child: for more are the children of the desolate than of
her who hath an husband." [2216] "Thou hast lived for the fence of the
people, thy children were blessed in the tents of their fathers."
[2217] And if the same mansions are promised by prophecy to us and to
the patriarchs, the God of both the covenants is shown to be one.
Accordingly it is added more clearly, "Thou hast inherited the covenant
of Israel," [2218] speaking to those called from among the nations,
that were once barren, being formerly destitute of this husband, who is
the Word,--desolate formerly,--of the bridegroom. "Now the just shall
live by faith," [2219] which is according to the covenant and the
commandments; since these, which are two in name and time, given in
accordance with the [divine] economy--being in power one--the old and
the new, are dispensed through the Son by one God. As the apostle also
says in the Epistle to the Romans, "For therein is the righteousness of
God revealed from faith to faith," teaching the one salvation which
from prophecy to the Gospel is perfected by one and the same Lord.
"This charge," he says, "I commit to thee, son Timothy, according to
the prophecies which went before on thee, that thou by them mightest
war the good warfare; holding faith, and a good conscience; which some
having put away concerning faith have made shipwreck," [2220] because
they defiled by unbelief the conscience that comes from God.
Accordingly, faith may not, any more, with reason, be disparaged in an
offhand way, as simple and vulgar, appertaining to anybody. For, if it
were a mere human habit, as the Greeks supposed, it would have been
extinguished. But if it grow, and there be no place where it is not;
then I affirm, that faith, whether founded in love, or in fear, as its
disparagers assert, is something divine; which is neither rent asunder
by other mundane friendship, nor dissolved by the presence of fear. For
love, on account of its friendly alliance with faith, makes men
believers; and faith, which is the foundation of love, in its turn
introduces the doing of good; since also fear, the paedagogue of the
law, is believed to be fear by those, by whom it is believed. For, if
its existence is shown in its working, it is yet believed when about to
do and threatening, and when not working and present; and being
believed to exist, it does not itself generate faith, but is by faith
tested and proved trustworthy. Such a change, then, from unbelief to
faith--and to trust in hope and fear, is divine. And, in truth, faith
is discovered, by us, to be the first movement towards salvation; after
which fear, and hope, and repentance, advancing in company with
temperance and patience, lead us to love and knowledge. Rightly,
therefore, the Apostle Barnabas says, "From the portion I have received
I have done my diligence to send by little and little to you; that
along with your faith you may also have perfect knowledge. [2221] Fear
and patience are then helpers of your faith; and our allies are
long-suffering and temperance. These, then," he says, "in what respects
the Lord, continuing in purity, there rejoice along with them, wisdom,
understanding, intelligence, knowledge." The fore-mentioned virtues
being, then, the elements of knowledge; the result is that faith is
more elementary, being as necessary to the Gnostic, [2222] as
respiration to him that lives in this world is to life. And as without
the four elements it is not possible to live, so neither can knowledge
be attained without faith. It is then the support of truth.
__________________________________________________________________
[2212] Isa. liii. 1.
[2213] Rom. x. 17, 14, 15.
[2214] Loadstone. [Philosophy of the second centure. See note in Migne.]
[2215] 1 Cor. i. 9, x. 13.
[2216] Isa. liv. 1.
[2217] Not in Script.
[2218] Where?
[2219] Rom. i. 17, etc.
[2220] 1 Tim. i. 18, 19.
[2221] [Clement accepts the Epistle of Barnabus as an apostolic writing. For this quotation, see vol. i. p. 137, this series.]
[2222] The man of perfect knowledge.
__________________________________________________________________

Chapter VII.--The Utility of Fear. Objections Answered.

Those, who denounce fear, assail the law; and if the law, plainly also
God, who gave the law. For these three elements are of necessity
presented in the subject on hand: the ruler, his administration, and
the ruled. If, then, according to hypothesis, they abolish the law;
then, by necessary consequence, each one who is led by lust, courting
pleasure, must neglect what is right and despise the Deity, and
fearlessly indulge in impiety and injustice together, having dashed
away from the truth.

Yea, say they, fear is an irrational aberration, [2223] and
perturbation of mind. What sayest thou? And how can this definition be
any longer maintained, seeing the commandment is given me by the Word?
But the commandment forbids, hanging fear over the head of those who
have incurred [2224] admonition for their discipline.

Fear is not then irrational. It is therefore rational. How could it be
otherwise, exhorting as it does, Thou shalt not kill, Thou shalt not
commit adultery, Thou shalt not steal, Than shalt not bear false
witness? But if they will quibble about the names, let the philosophers
term the fear of the law, cautious fear, (eulabeia) which is a shunning
(ekklisis) agreeable to reason. Such Critolaus of Phasela not inaptly
called fighters about names (onomatomakoi). The commandment, then, has
already appeared fair and lovely even in the highest degree, when
conceived under a change of name. Cautious fear (eulabeia) is therefore
shown to be reasonable, being the shunning of what hurts; from which
arises repentance for previous sins. "For the fear of the Lord is the
beginning of wisdom; good understanding is to all that do it." [2225]
He calls wisdom a doing, which is the fear of the Lord paving the way
for wisdom. But if the law produces fear, the knowledge of the law is
the beginning of wisdom; and a man is not wise without law. Therefore
those who reject the law are unwise; and in consequence they are
reckoned godless (atheoi). Now instruction is the beginning of wisdom.
"But the ungodly despise wisdom and instruction," [2226] saith the
Scripture.

Let us see what terrors the law announces. If it is the things which
hold an intermediate place between virtue and vice, such as poverty,
disease, obscurity, and humble birth, and the like, these things civil
laws hold forth, and are praised for so doing. And those of the
Peripatetic school, who introduce three kinds of good things, and think
that their opposites are evil, this opinion suits. But the law given to
us enjoins us to shun what are in reality bad things--adultery,
uncleanness, paederasty, ignorance, wickedness, soul-disease, death
(not that which severs the soul from the body, but that which severs
the soul from truth). For these are vices in reality, and the workings
that proceed from them are dreadful and terrible. "For not unjustly,"
say the divine oracles, "are the nets spread for birds; for they who
are accomplices in blood treasure up evils to themselves." [2227] How,
then, is the law still said to be not good by certain heresies that
clamorously appeal to the apostle, who says, "For by the law is the
knowledge of sin?" [2228] To whom we say, The law did not cause, but
showed sin. For, enjoining what is to be done, it reprehended what
ought not to be done. And it is the part of the good to teach what is
salutary, and to point out what is deleterious; and to counsel the
practice of the one, and to command to shun the other. Now the apostle,
whom they do not comprehend, said that by the law the knowledge of sin
was manifested, not that from it it derived its existence. And how can
the law be not good, which trains, which is given as the instructor
(paidagogos) to Christ, [2229] that being corrected by fear, in the way
of discipline, in order to the attainment of the perfection which is by
Christ? "I will not," it is said, "the death of the sinner, as his
repentance." [2230] Now the commandment works repentance; inasmuch as
it deters [2231] from what ought not to be done, and enjoins good
deeds. By ignorance he means, in my opinion, death. "And he that is
near the Lord is full of stripes." [2232] Plainly, he, that draws near
to knowledge, has the benefit of perils, fears, troubles, afflictions,
by reason of his desire for the truth. "For the son who is instructed
turns out wise, and an intelligent son is saved from burning. And an
intelligent son will receive the commandments." [2233] And Barnabas the
apostle having said, "Woe to those who are wise in their own conceits,
clever in their own eyes," [2234] added, "Let us become spiritual, a
perfect temple to God; let us, as far as in us lies, practice the fear
of God, and strive to keep His commands, that we may rejoice in His
judgments." [2235] Whence "the fear of God" is divinely said to be the
beginning of wisdom. [2236]
__________________________________________________________________
[2223] Instead of ekklisis, it has been proposed to read eklusis, a term applied by the Stoics to fear; but we have ekklisis immediately after.
[2224] According to the correction and translation of Lowth, who reads ton outo epidechomenon instead of ton outos, etc., of the text.
[2225] Ps. cxi. 10.
[2226] Prov. i. 7.
[2227] Prov. i. 17, 18, "Surely in vain the net is spread in the sight of any bird, and they lay wait for their own blood."
[2228] Rom. iii. 20.
[2229] Gal. iii. 24.
[2230] Ezek. xxxiii. 11, xviii. 23, 32.
[2231] Adopting the conjecture which, by a change from the accusative to the nominative, refers "deters," and "enjoins," to the commandment instead of to repentance, according to the teaching of the text.
[2232] Judith viii. 27.
[2233] Prov. x. 4, 5, 8.
[2234] Isa. v. 21.
[2235] [See vol. i. p. 139. S.]
[2236] Prov. i. 7.
__________________________________________________________________

Chapter VIII.--The Vagaries of Basilides and Valentinus as to Fear Being the Cause of Things.

Here the followers of Basilides, interpreting this expression, say,
"that the Prince, [2237] having heard the speech of the Spirit, who was
being ministered to, was struck with amazement both with the voice and
the vision, having had glad tidings beyond his hopes announced to him;
and that his amazement was called fear, which became the origin of
wisdom, which distinguishes classes, and discriminates, and perfects,
and restores. For not the world alone, but also the election, He that
is over all has set apart and sent forth."

And Valentinus appears also in an epistle to have adopted such views.
For he writes in these very words: "And as [2238] terror fell on the
angels at this creature, because he uttered things greater than
proceeded from his formation, by reason of the being in him who had
invisibly communicated a germ of the supernal essence, and who spoke
with free utterance; so also among the tribes of men in the world, the
works of men became terrors to those who made them,--as, for example,
images and statues. And the hands of all fashion things to bear the
name of God: for Adam formed into the name of man inspired the dread
attaching to the pre-existent man, as having his being in him; and they
were terror-stricken, and speedily marred the work."

But there being but one First Cause, as will be shown afterwards, these
men will be shown to be inventors of chatterings and chirpings. But
since God deemed it advantageous, that from the law and the prophets,
men should receive a preparatory discipline by the Lord, the fear of
the Lord was called the beginning of wisdom, being given by the Lord,
through Moses, to the disobedient and hard of heart. For those whom
reason convinces not, fear tames; which also the Instructing Word,
foreseeing from the first, and purifying by each of these methods,
adapted the instrument suitably for piety. Consternation is, then, fear
at a strange apparition, or at an unlooked-for representation--such as,
for example, a message; while fear is an excessive wonderment on
account of something which arises or is. They do not then perceive that
they represent by means of amazement the God who is highest and is
extolled by them, as subject to perturbation and antecedent to
amazement as having been in ignorance. If indeed ignorance preceded
amazement; and if this amazement and fear, which is the beginning of
wisdom, is the fear of God, then in all likelihood ignorance as cause
preceded both the wisdom of God and all creative work, and not only
these, but restoration and even election itself. Whether, then, was it
ignorance of what was good or what was evil?

Well, if of good, why does it cease through amazement? And minister and
preaching and baptism are [in that case] superfluous to them. And if of
evil, how can what is bad be the cause of what is best? For had not
ignorance preceded, the minister would not have come down, nor would
have amazement seized on "the Prince," as they say; nor would he have
attained to a beginning of wisdom from fear, in order to discrimination
between the elect and those that are mundane. And if the fear of the
pre-existent man made the angels conspire against their own handiwork,
under the idea that an invisible germ of the supernal essence was
lodged within that creation, or through unfounded suspicion excited
envy, which is incredible, the angels became murderers of the creature
which had been entrusted to them, as a child might be, they being thus
convicted of the grossest ignorance. Or suppose they were influenced by
being involved in foreknowledge. But they would not have conspired
against what they foreknew in the assault they made; nor would they
have been terror-struck at their own work, in consequence of
foreknowledge, on their perceiving the supernal germ. Or, finally,
suppose, trusting to their knowledge, they dared (but this also were
impossible for them), on learning the excellence that is in the
Pleroma, to conspire against man. Furthermore also they laid hands on
that which was according to the image, in which also is the archetype,
and which, along with the knowledge that remains, is indestructible.

To these, then, and certain others, especially the Marcionites, the
Scripture cries, though they listen not, "He that heareth Me shall rest
with confidence in peace, and shall be tranquil, fearless of all evil."
[2239]

What, then, will they have the law to be? They will not call it evil,
but just; distinguishing what is good from what is just. But the Lord,
when He enjoins us to dread evil, does not exchange one evil for
another, but abolishes what is opposite by its opposite. Now evil is
the opposite of good, as what is just is of what is unjust. If, then,
that absence of fear, which the fear of the Lord produces, is called
the beginning of what is good, [2240] fear is a good thing. And the
fear which proceeds from the law is not only just, but good, as it
takes away evil. But introducing absence of fear by means of fear, it
does not produce apathy by means of mental perturbation, but moderation
of feeling by discipline. When, then, we hear, "Honour the Lord, and be
strong: but fear not another besides Him," [2241] we understand it to
be meant fearing to sin, and following the commandments given by God,
which is the honour that cometh from God. For the fear of God is Deos
[in Greek]. But if fear is perturbation of mind, as some will have it
that fear is perturbation of mind, yet all fear is not perturbation.
Superstition is indeed perturbation of mind; being the fear of demons,
that produce and are subject to the excitement of passion. On the other
hand, consequently, the fear of God, who is not subject to
perturbation, is free of perturbation. For it is not God, but falling
away from God, that the man is terrified for. And he who fears
this--that is, falling into evils--fears and dreads those evils. And he
who fears a fall, wishes himself to be free of corruption and
perturbation. "The wise man, fearing, avoids evil: but the foolish,
trusting, mixes himself with it," says the Scripture; and again it
says, "In the fear of the Lord is the hope of strength." [2242]
__________________________________________________________________
[2237] Viz., of the angels, who according to them was Jehovah, the God of the Jews.
[2238] Instead of hos periphobos of the text, we read with Grabe hosperei phobos.
[2239] Prov. i. 33.
[2240] The text reads kakon. Lowth conjectures the change, which we have adopted, kalon.
[2241] Prov. vii. 2.
[2242] Prov. xiv. 16, 26.
__________________________________________________________________

Chapter IX.--The Connection of the Christian Virtues.

Such a fear, accordingly, leads to repentance and hope. Now hope is the
expectation of good things, or an expectation sanguine of absent good;
and favourable circumstances are assumed in order to good hope, which
we have learned leads on to love. Now love turns out to be consent in
what pertains to reason, life, and manners, or in brief, fellowship in
life, or it is the intensity of friendship and of affection, with right
reason, in the enjoyment of associates. And an associate (hetairos) is
another self; [2243] just as we call those, brethren, who are
regenerated by the same word. And akin to love is hospitality, being a
congenial art devoted to the treatment of strangers. And those are
strangers, to whom the things of the world are strange. For we regard
as worldly those, who hope in the earth and carnal lusts. "Be not
conformed," says the apostle, "to this world: but be ye transformed in
the renewal of the mind, that ye may prove what is that good, and
acceptable, and perfect, will of God." [2244]

Hospitality, therefore, is occupied in what is useful for strangers;
and guests (epixenoi) are strangers (xenoi); and friends are guests;
and brethren are friends. "Dear brother," [2245] says Homer.

Philanthropy, in order to which also, is natural affection, being a
loving treatment of men, and natural affection, which is a congenial
habit exercised in the love of friends or domestics, follow in the
train of love. And if the real man within us is the spiritual,
philanthropy is brotherly love to those who participate, in the same
spirit. Natural affection, on the other hand, is the preservation of
good-will, or of affection; and affection is its perfect demonstration;
[2246] and to be beloved is to please in behaviour, by drawing and
attracting. And persons are brought to sameness by consent, which is
the knowledge of the good things that are enjoyed in common. For
community of sentiment (homognomosune) is harmony of opinions
(sumphonia gnomon). "Let your love be without dissimulation," it is
said; "and abhorring what is evil, let us become attached to what is
good, to brotherly love," and so on, down to "If it be possible, as
much as lieth in you, living peaceably with all men." Then "be not
overcome of evil," it is said, "but overcome evil with good." [2247]
And the same apostle owns that he bears witness to the Jews, "that they
have a zeal of God, but not according to knowledge. For, being ignorant
of God's righteousness, and seeking to establish their own, they have
not submitted themselves to the righteousness of God." [2248] For they
did not know and do the will of the law; but what they supposed, that
they thought the law wished. And they did not believe the law as
prophesying, but the bare word; and they followed through fear, not
through disposition and faith. "For Christ is the end of the law for
righteousness," [2249] who was prophesied by the law to every one that
believeth. Whence it was said to them by Moses, "I will provoke you to
jealousy by them that are not a people; and I will anger you by a
foolish nation, that is, by one that has become disposed to obedience."
[2250] And by Isaiah it is said, "I was found of them that sought Me
not; I was made manifest to them that inquired not after Me," [2251]
--manifestly previous to the coming of the Lord; after which to Israel,
the things prophesied, are now appropriately spoken: "I have stretched
out My hands all the day long to a disobedient and gainsaying people."
Do you see the cause of the calling from among the nations, clearly
declared, by the prophet, to be the disobedience and gainsaying of the
people? Then the goodness of God is shown also in their case. For the
apostle says, "But through their transgression salvation is come to the
Gentiles, to provoke them to jealousy" [2252] and to willingness to
repent. And the Shepherd, speaking plainly of those who had fallen
asleep, recognises certain righteous among Gentiles and Jews, not only
before the appearance of Christ, but before the law, in virtue of
acceptance before God,--as Abel, as Noah, as any other righteous man.
He says accordingly, "that the apostles and teachers, who had preached
the name of the Son of God, and had fallen asleep, in power and by
faith, preached to those that had fallen asleep before." Then he
subjoins: "And they gave them the seal of preaching. They descended,
therefore, with them into the water, and again ascended. But these
descended alive, and again ascended alive. But those, who had fallen
asleep before, descended dead, but ascended alive. By these, therefore,
they were made alive, and knew the name of the Son of God. Wherefore
also they ascended with them, and fitted into the structure of the
tower, and unhewn were built up together; they fell asleep in
righteousness and in great purity, but wanted only this seal." [2253]
"For when the Gentiles, which have not the law, do by nature the things
of the law, these, having not the law, are a law unto themselves,"
[2254] according to the apostle.

As, then, the virtues follow one another, why need I say what has been
demonstrated already, that faith hopes through repentance, and fear
through faith; and patience and practice in these along with learning
terminate in love, which is perfected by knowledge? But that is
necessarily to be noticed, that the Divine alone is to be regarded as
naturally wise. Therefore also wisdom, which has taught the truth, is
the power of God; and in it the perfection of knowledge is embraced.
The philosopher loves and likes the truth, being now considered as a
friend, on account of his love, from his being a true servant. The
beginning of knowledge is wondering at objects, as Plato says is in his
Theaetetus; and Matthew exhorting in the Traditions, says, "Wonder at
what is before you;" laying this down first as the foundation of
further knowledge. So also in the Gospel to the Hebrews it is written,
"He that wonders shall reign, and he that has reigned shall rest. It is
impossible, therefore, for an ignorant man, while he remains ignorant,
to philosophize, not having apprehended the idea of wisdom; since
philosophy is an effort to grasp that which truly is, and the studies
that conduce thereto. And it is not the rendering of one [2255]
accomplished in good habits of conduct, but the knowing how we are to
use and act and labour, according as one is assimilated to God. I mean
God the Saviour, by serving the God of the universe through the High
Priest, the Word, by whom what is in truth good and right is beheld.
Piety is conduct suitable and corresponding to God.
__________________________________________________________________
[2243] heteros ego, alter ego, deriving hetairos from heteros.
[2244] Rom. xii. 2.
[2245] phele kasignete, Iliad, v. 359.
[2246] apodexis has been conjectured in place of apodeixis.
[2247] Rom. xii. 9, 10, 18, 21.
[2248] Rom. x. 2, 3.
[2249] Rom. x. 4.
[2250] Rom. x. 19; Deut. xxxii. 21.
[2251] Isa. xlv. 2; Rom. x. 20, 21.
[2252] Rom. xi. 11.
[2253] Hermas, [Similitudes, p. 49, supra.]
[2254] Rom. ii. 14.
[2255] This clause is hopelessly corrupt; the text is utterly unintelligible, and the emendation of Sylburgius is adopted in the translation.
__________________________________________________________________

Chapter X.--To What the Philosopher Applies Himself.

These three things, therefore, our philosopher attaches himself to:
first, speculation; second, the performance of the precepts; third, the
forming of good men;--which, concurring, form the Gnostic. Whichever of
these is wanting, the elements of knowledge limp. Whence the Scripture
divinely says, "And the Lord spake to Moses, saying, Speak to the
children of Israel, and thou shalt say to them, I am the Lord your God.
According to the customs of the land of Egypt, in which ye have dwelt,
ye shall not do; and according to the customs of Canaan, into which I
bring you, ye shall not do; and in their usages ye shall not walk. Ye
shall perform My judgments, and keep My precepts, and walk in them: I
am the Lord your God. And ye shall keep all My commandments, and do
them. He that doeth them shall live in them. I am the Lord your God."
[2256] Whether, then, Egypt and the land of Canaan be the symbol of the
world and of deceit, or of sufferings and afflictions; the oracle shows
us what must be abstained from, and what, being divine and not worldly,
must be observed. And when it is said, "The man that doeth them shall
live in them," [2257] it declares both the correction of the Hebrews
themselves, and the training and advancement of us who are nigh: [2258]
it declares at once their life and ours. For "those who were dead in
sins are quickened together with Christ," [2259] by our covenant. For
Scripture, by the frequent reiteration of the expression, "I am the
Lord your God," shames in such a way as most powerfully to dissuade, by
teaching us to follow God who gave the commandments, and gently
admonishes us to seek God and endeavour to know Him as far as possible;
which is the highest speculation, that which scans the greatest
mysteries, the real knowledge, that which becomes irrefragable by
reason. This alone is the knowledge of wisdom, from which rectitude of
conduct is never disjoined.
__________________________________________________________________
[2256] Lev. xviii. 1-5.
[2257] Gal. iii. 12.
[2258] "Them that are far off, and them that are nigh" (Eph. ii. 13).
[2259] Eph. ii. 5.
__________________________________________________________________

Chapter XI.--The Knowledge Which Comes Through Faith the Surest of All.

But the knowledge of those who think themselves wise, whether the
barbarian sects or the philosophers among the Greeks, according to the
apostle, "puffeth up." [2260] But that knowledge, which is the
scientific demonstration of what is delivered according to the true
philosophy, is founded on faith. Now, we may say that it is that
process of reason which, from what is admitted, procures faith in what
is disputed. Now, faith being twofold--the faith of knowledge and that
of opinion--nothing prevents us from calling demonstration twofold, the
one resting on knowledge, the other on opinion; since also knowledge
and foreknowledge are designated as twofold, that which is essentially
accurate, that which is defective. And is not the demonstration, which
we possess, that alone which is true, as being supplied out of the
divine Scriptures, the sacred writings, and out of the "God-taught
wisdom," according to the apostle? Learning, then, is also obedience to
the commandments, which is faith in God. And faith is a power of God,
being the strength of the truth. For example, it is said, "If ye have
faith as a grain of mustard, ye shall remove the mountain." [2261] And
again, "According to thy faith let it be to thee." [2262] And one is
cured, receiving healing by faith; and the dead is raised up in
consequence of the power of one believing that he would be raised. The
demonstration, however, which rests on opinion is human, and is the
result of rhetorical arguments or dialectic syllogisms. For the highest
demonstration, to which we have alluded, produces intelligent faith by
the adducing and opening up of the Scriptures to the souls of those who
desire to learn; the result of which is knowledge (gnosis). For if what
is adduced in order to prove the point at issue is assumed to be true,
as being divine and prophetic, manifestly the conclusion arrived at by
inference from it will consequently be inferred truly; and the
legitimate result of the demonstration will be knowledge. When, then,
the memorial of the celestial and divine food was commanded to be
consecrated in the golden pot, it was said, "The omer was the tenth of
the three measures." [2263] For in ourselves, by the three measures are
indicated three criteria; sensation of objects of sense, speech,--of
spoken names and words, and the mind,--of intellectual objects. The
Gnostic, therefore, will abstain from errors in speech, and thought,
and sensation, and action, having heard "that he that looks so as to
lust hath committed adultery;" [2264] and reflecting that "blessed are
the pure in heart, for they shall see God;" [2265] and knowing this,
"that not what enters into the mouth defileth, but that it is what
cometh forth by the mouth that defileth the man. For out of the heart
proceed thoughts." [2266] This, as I think, is the true and just
measure according to God, by which things capable of measurement are
measured, the decad which is comprehensive of man; which summarily the
three above-mentioned measures pointed out. There are body and soul,
the five senses, speech, the power of reproduction--the intellectual or
the spiritual faculty, or whatever you choose to call it. And we must,
in a word, ascending above all the others, stop at the mind; as also
certainly in the universe overleaping the nine divisions, the first
consisting of the four elements put in one place for equal interchange:
and then the seven wandering stars and the one that wanders not, the
ninth, to the perfect number, which is above the nine, [2267] and the
tenth division, we must reach to the knowledge of God, to speak
briefly, desiring the Maker after the creation. Wherefore the tithes
both of the ephah and of the sacrifices were presented to God; and the
paschal feast began with the tenth day, being the transition from all
trouble, and from all objects of sense.

The Gnostic is therefore fixed by faith; but the man who thinks himself
wise touches not what pertains to the truth, moved as he is by unstable
and wavering impulses. It is therefore reasonably written, "Cain went
forth from the face of God, and dwelt in the land of Naid, over against
Eden." Now Naid is interpreted commotion, and Eden delight; and Faith,
and Knowledge, and Peace are delight, from which he that has disobeyed
is cast out. But he that is wise in his own eyes will not so much as
listen to the beginning of the divine commandments; but, as if his own
teacher, throwing off the reins, plunges voluntarily into a billowy
commotion, sinking down to mortal and created things from the uncreated
knowledge, holding various opinions at various times. "Those who have
no guidance fall like leaves." [2268]

Reason, the governing principle, remaining unmoved and guiding the
soul, is called its pilot. For access to the Immutable is obtained by a
truly immutable means. Thus Abraham was stationed before the Lord, and
approaching spoke. [2269] And to Moses it is said, "But do thou stand
there with Me." [2270] And the followers of Simon wish be assimilated
in manners to the standing form which they adore. Faith, therefore, and
the knowledge of the truth, render the soul, which makes them its
choice, always uniform and equable. For congenial to the man of
falsehood is shifting, and change, and turning away, as to the Gnostic
are calmness, and rest, and peace. As, then, philosophy has been
brought into evil repute by pride and self-conceit, so also gnosis by
false gnosis called by the same name; of which the apostle writing
says, "O Timothy, keep that which is committed to thy trust, avoiding
the profane and vain babblings and oppositions of science (gnosis)
falsely so called; which some professing, have erred concerning the
faith." [2271]

Convicted by this utterance, the heretics reject the Epistles to
Timothy. [2272] Well, then, if the Lord is the truth, and wisdom, and
power of God, as in truth He is, it is shown that the real Gnostic is
he that knows Him, and His Father by Him. For his sentiments are the
same with him who said, "The lips of the righteous know high things."
[2273]
__________________________________________________________________
[2260] 1 Cor. viii. 1.
[2261] Matt. xvii. 20.
[2262] Matt. ix. 29.
[2263] Ex. xvi. 36, Septuagint; "the tenth part of an ephah," A.V.
[2264] Matt. v. 28.
[2265] Matt. xv. 11, 19.
[2266] Matt. v. 8.
[2267] The text here reads theon, arising in all probability from the transcriber mistaking the numeral th for the above.
[2268] Prov. xi. 14, Septuagint; "Where no counsel is, the people fall," A.V.
[2269] Gen. xviii. 22, 23.
[2270] Ex. xxxiv. 2.
[2271] 1 Tim. vi. 20, 21.
[2272] [See Elucidation III. at the end of this second book.]
[2273] Prov. x. 21, Septuagint; "feed many," A.V.
__________________________________________________________________

Chapter XII.--Twofold Faith.

Faith as also Time being double, we shall find virtues in pairs both
dwelling together. For memory is related to past time, hope to future.
We believe that what is past did, and that what is future will take
place. And, on the other hand, we love, persuaded by faith that the
past was as it was, and by hope expecting the future. For in everything
love attends the Gnostic, who knows one God. "And, behold, all things
which He created were very good." [2274] He both knows and admires.
Godliness adds length of life; and the fear of the Lord adds days. As,
then, the days are a portion of life in its progress, so also fear is
the beginning of love, becoming by development faith, then love. But it
is not as I fear and hate a wild beast (since fear is twofold) that I
fear the father, whom I fear and love at once. Again, fearing lest I be
punished, I love myself in assuming fear. He who fears to offend his
father, loves himself. Blessed then is he who is found possessed of
faith, being, as he is, composed of love and fear. And faith is power
in order to salvation, and strength to eternal life. Again, prophecy is
foreknowledge; and knowledge the understanding of prophecy; being the
knowledge of those things known before by the Lord who reveals all
things.

The knowledge, then, of those things which have been predicted shows a
threefold result--either one that has happened long ago, or exists now,
or about to be. Then the extremes [2275] either of what is accomplished
or of what is hoped for fall under faith; and the present action
furnishes persuasive arguments of the confirmation of both the
extremes. For if, prophecy being one, one part is accomplishing and
another is fulfilled; hence the truth, both what is hoped for and what
is passed is confirmed. For it was first present; then it became past
to us; so that the belief of what is past is the apprehension of a past
event, and a hope which is future the apprehension of a future event.

And not only the Platonists, but the Stoics, say that assent is in our
own power. All opinion then, and judgment, and supposition, and
knowledge, by which we live and have perpetual intercourse with the
human race, is an assent; which is nothing else than faith. And
unbelief being defection from faith, shows both assent and faith to be
possessed of power; for non-existence cannot be called privation. And
if you consider the truth, you will find man naturally misled so as to
give assent to what is false, though possessing the resources necessary
for belief in the truth. "The virtue, then, that encloses the Church in
its grasp," as the Shepherd says, [2276] "is Faith, by which the elect
of God are saved; and that which acts the man is Self-restraint. And
these are followed by Simplicity, Knowledge, Innocence, Decorum, Love,"
and all these are the daughters of Faith. And again, "Faith leads the
way, fear upbuilds, and love perfects." Accordingly he [2277] says, the
Lord is to be feared in order to edification, but not the devil to
destruction. And again, the works of the Lord--that is, His
commandments--are to be loved and done; but the works of the devil are
to be dreaded and not done. For the fear of God trains and restores to
love; but the fear of the works of the devil has hatred dwelling along
with it. The same also says "that repentance is high intelligence. For
he that repents of what he did, no longer does or says as he did. But
by torturing himself for his sins, he benefits his soul. Forgiveness of
sins is therefore different from repentance; but both show what is in
our power."
__________________________________________________________________
[2274] Gen. i. 31.
[2275] i.e., Past and Future, between which lies the Present.
[2276] Pastor of Hermas, book i. vision iii. chap. viii. vol. i. p. 15.
[2277] See Pastor of Hermas, book ii. commandt. iv. ch. ii. [vol. i. p. 22], for the sense of this passage.
__________________________________________________________________

Chapter XIII.--On First and Second Repentance.

He, then, who has received the forgiveness of sins ought to sin no
more. For, in addition to the first and only repentance from sins (this
is from the previous sins in the first and heathen life--I mean that in
ignorance), there is forthwith proposed to those who have been called,
the repentance which cleanses the seat of the soul from transgressions,
that faith may be established. And the Lord, knowing the heart, and
foreknowing the future, foresaw both the fickleness of man and the
craft and subtlety of the devil from the first, from the beginning; how
that, envying man for the forgiveness of sins, he would present to the
servants of God certain causes of sins; skilfully working mischief,
that they might fall together with himself. Accordingly, being very
merciful, He has vouch-safed, in the case of those who, though in
faith, fall into any transgression, a second repentance; so that should
any one be tempted after his calling, overcome by force and fraud, he
may receive still a repentance not to be repented of. "For if we sin
wilfully after that we have received the knowledge of the truth, there
remaineth no more sacrifice for sins, but a certain fearful looking for
of judgment and fiery indignation, which shall devour the adversaries."
[2278] But continual and successive repentings for sins differ nothing
from the case of those who have not believed at all, except only in
their consciousness that they do sin. And I know not which of the two
is worst, whether the case of a man who sins knowingly, or of one who,
after having repented of his sins, transgresses again. For in the
process of proof sin appears on each side,--the sin which in its
commission is condemned by the worker of the iniquity, and that of the
man who, foreseeing what is about to be done, yet puts his hand to it
as a wickedness. And he who perchance gratifies himself in anger and
pleasure, gratifies himself in he knows what; and he who, repenting of
that in which he gratified himself, by rushing again into pleasure, is
near neighbour to him who has sinned wilfully at first. For one, who
does again that of which he has repented, and condemning what he does,
performs it willingly.

He, then, who from among the Gentiles and from that old life has
betaken himself to faith, has obtained forgiveness of sins once. But he
who has sinned after this, on his repentance, though he obtain pardon,
ought to fear, as one no longer washed to the forgiveness of sins. For
not only must the idols which he formerly held as gods, but the works
also of his former life, be abandoned by him who has been "born again,
not of blood, nor of the will of the flesh," [2279] but in the Spirit;
which consists in repenting by not giving way to the same fault. For
frequent repentance and readiness to change easily from want of
training, is the practice of sin again. [2280] The frequent asking of
forgiveness, then, for those things in which we often transgress, is
the semblance of repentance, not repentance itself. "But the
righteousness of the blameless cuts straight paths," [2281] says the
Scripture. And again, "The righteousness of the innocent will make his
way right." [2282] Nay, "as a father pitieth his children, so the Lord
pitieth them that fear Him." [2283] David writes, "They who sow," then,
"in tears, shall reap in joy;" [2284] those, namely, who confess in
penitence. "For blessed are all those that fear the Lord." [2285] You
see the corresponding blessing in the Gospel. "Fear not," it is said,
"when a man is enriched, and when the glory of his house is increased:
because when he dieth he shall leave all, and his glory shall not
descend after him." [2286] "But I in Thy I mercy will enter into Thy
house. I will worship toward Thy holy temple, in Thy fear: Lord, lead
me in Thy righteousness." [2287] Appetite is then the movement of the
mind to or from something. [2288] Passion is an excessive appetite
exceeding the measures of reason, or appetite unbridled and disobedient
to the word. Passions, then, are a perturbation of the soul contrary to
nature, in disobedience to reason. But revolt and distraction and
disobedience are in our own power, as obedience is in our power.
Wherefore voluntary actions are judged. But should one examine each one
of the passions, he will find them irrational impulses.
__________________________________________________________________
[2278] Heb. x. 26, 27.
[2279] John i. 13.
[2280] [The penitential system of the early Church was no mere sponge like that of the later Latins, which turns Christ into "the minister of sin."]
[2281] Prov. xi. 5.
[2282] Prov. xiii. 6.
[2283] Ps. ciii. 13.
[2284] Ps. cxxvi. 5.
[2285] Ps. cxxviii. 1.
[2286] Ps. xlix. 16, 17.
[2287] Ps. v. 7, 8.
[2288] Adopting the emendation, horme men houn phora.
__________________________________________________________________

Chapter XIV.--How a Thing May Be Involuntary.

What is involuntary is not matter for judgment. But this is
twofold,--what is done in ignorance, and what is done through
necessity. For how will you judge concerning those who are said to sin
in involuntary modes? For either one knew not himself, as Cleomenes and
Athamas, who were mad; or the thing which he does, as AEschylus, who
divulged the mysteries on the stage, who, being tried in the Areopagus,
was absolved on his showing that he had not been initiated. Or one
knows not what is done, as he who has let off his antagonist, and slain
his domestic instead of his enemy; or that by which it is done, as he
who, in exercising with spears having buttons on them, has killed some
one in consequence of the spear throwing off the button; or knows not
the manner how, as he who has killed his antagonist in the stadium, for
it was not for his death but for victory that he contended; or knows
not the reason why it is done, as the physician gave a salutary
antidote and killed, for it was not for this purpose that he gave it,
but to save. The law at that time punished him who had killed
involuntarily, as e.g., him who was subject involuntarily to
gonorrhoea, but not equally with him who did so voluntarily. Although
he also shall be punished as for a voluntary action, if one transfer
the affection to the truth. For, in reality, he that cannot contain the
generative word is to be punished; for this is an irrational passion of
the soul approaching garrulity. "The faithful man chooses to conceal
things in his spirit." [2289] Things, then, that depend on choice are
subjects for judgment. "For the Lord searcheth the hearts and reins."
[2290] "And he that looketh so as to lust" [2291] is judged. Wherefore
it is said, "Thou shalt not lust." [2292] And "this people honoureth Me
with their lips," it is said, "but their heart is far from Me." [2293]
For God has respect to the very thought, since Lot's wife, who had
merely voluntarily turned towards worldly wickedness, He left a
senseless mass, rendering her a pillar of salt, and fixed her so that
she advanced no further, not as a stupid and useless image, but to
season and salt him who has the power of spiritual perception.
__________________________________________________________________
[2289] Prov. xi. 13.
[2290] Ps. vii. 9.
[2291] Matt. v. 28.
[2292] Ex. xx. 17.
[2293] Isa. xxix. 13; Matt. xv. 8; Mark vii. 6.
__________________________________________________________________

Chapter XV.--On the Different Kinds of Voluntary Actions, and the Sins Thence Proceeding.

What is voluntary is either what is by desire, or what is by choice, or
what is of intention. Closely allied to each other are these
things--sin, mistake, crime. It is sin, for example, to live
luxuriously and licentiously; a misfortune, to wound one's friend in
ignorance, taking him for an enemy; and crime, to violate graves or
commit sacrilege. Sinning arises from being unable to determine what
ought to be done, or being unable to do it; as doubtless one falls into
a ditch either through not knowing, or through inability to leap across
through feebleness of body. But application to the training of
ourselves, and subjection to the commandments, is in our own power;
with which if we will have nothing to do, by abandoning ourselves
wholly to lust, we shall sin, nay rather, wrong our own soul. For the
noted Laius says in the tragedy:--


"None of these things of which you admonish me have escaped me;

But notwithstanding that I am in my senses, Nature compels me;"

i.e., his abandoning himself to passion. Medea, too, herself cries on
the stage:--


"And I am aware what evils I am to perpetrate,

But passion is stronger than my resolutions." [2294]

Further, not even Ajax is silent; but, when about to kill himself,
cries:--


"No pain gnaws the soul of a free man like dishonour.

Thus do I suffer; and the deep stain of calamity

Ever stirs me from the depths, agitated

By the bitter stings of rage." [2295]

Anger made these the subjects of tragedy, and lust made ten thousand
others--Phaedra, Anthia, Eriphyle,--


"Who took the precious gold for her dear husband."

For another play represents Thrasonides of the comic drama as saying:--


"A worthless wench made me her slave."

Mistake is a sin contrary to calculation; and voluntary sin is crime
(adikia); and crime is voluntary wickedness. Sin, then, is on my part
voluntary. Wherefore says the apostle, "Sin shall not have dominion
over you; for ye are not under the law, but under grace." [2296]
Addressing those who have believed, he says, "For by His stripes we
were healed." [2297] Mistake is the involuntary action of another
towards me, while a crime (adikia) alone is voluntary, whether my act
or another's. These differences of sins are alluded to by the Psalmist,
when he calls those blessed whose iniquities (anomias) God hath blotted
out, and whose sins (hamartias) He hath covered. Others He does not
impute, and the rest He forgives. For it is written, "Blessed are they
whose iniquities are forgiven, whose sins are covered. Blessed is the
man to whom the Lord will not impute sin, and in whose mouth there is
no fraud." [2298] This blessedness came on those who had been chosen by
God through Jesus Christ our Lord. For "love hides the multitude of
sins." [2299] And they are blotted out by Him "who desireth the
repentance rather than the death of a sinner." [2300] And those are not
reckoned that are not the effect of choice; "for he who has lusted has
already committed adultery," [2301] it is said. And the illuminating
Word forgives sins: "And in that time, saith the Lord, they shall seek
for the iniquity of Israel, and it shall not exist; and the sins of
Judah, and they shall not be found." [2302] "For who is like Me? and
who shall stand before My face? [2303] You see the one God declared
good, rendering according to desert, and forgiving sins. John, too,
manifestly teaches the differences of sins, in his larger Epistle, in
these words: "If any man see his brother sin a sin that is not unto
death, he shall ask, and he shall give him life: for these that sin not
unto death," he says. For "there is a sin unto death: I do not say that
one is to pray for it. All unrighteousness is sin; and there is a sin
not unto death." [2304]

David, too, and Moses before David, show the knowledge of the three
precepts in the following words: "Blessed is the man who walks not in
the counsel of the ungodly;" as the fishes go down to the depths in
darkness; for those which have not scales, which Moses prohibits
touching, feed at the bottom of the sea. "Nor standeth in the way of
sinners," as those who, while appearing to fear the Lord, commit sin,
like the sow, for when hungry it cries, and when full knows not its
owner. "Nor sitteth in the chair of pestilences," as birds ready for
prey. And Moses enjoined not to eat the sow, nor the eagle, nor the
hawk, nor the raven, nor any fish without scales. So far Barnabas.
[2305] And I heard one skilled in such matters say that "the counsel of
the ungodly" was the heathen, and "the way of sinners" the Jewish
persuasion, and explain "the chair of pestilence" of heresies. And
another said, with more propriety, that the first blessing was assigned
to those who had not followed wicked sentiments which revolt from God;
the second to those who do not remain in the wide and broad road,
whether they be those who have been brought up in the law, or Gentiles
who have repented. And "the chair of pestilences" will be the theatres
and tribunals, or rather the compliance with wicked and deadly powers,
and complicity with their deeds. "But his delight is in the law of the
Lord." [2306] Peter in his Preaching called the Lord, Law and Logos.
The legislator seems to teach differently the interpretation of the
three forms of sin--understanding by the mute fishes sins of word, for
there are times in which silence is better than speech, for silence has
a safe recompense; sins of deed, by the rapacious and carnivorous
birds. The sow delights in dirt and dung; and we ought not to have "a
conscience" that is "defiled." [2307]

Justly, therefore, the prophet says, "The ungodly are not so: but as
the chaff which the wind driveth away from the face of the earth.
Wherefore the ungodly shall not stand in the judgment" [2308] (being
already condemned, for "he that believeth not is condemned already"
[2309] ), "nor sinners in the counsel of the righteous," inasmuch as
they are already condemned, so as not to be united to those that have
lived without stumbling. "For the Lord knoweth the way of the
righteous; and the way of the ungodly shall perish." [2310]

Again, the Lord clearly shows sins and transgressions to be in our own
power, by prescribing modes of cure corresponding to the maladies;
showing His wish that we should be corrected by the shepherds, in
Ezekiel; blaming, I am of opinion, some of them for not keeping the
commandments. "That which was enfeebled ye have not strengthened," and
so forth, down to, "and there was none to search out or turn away."
[2311]

For "great is the joy before the Father when one sinner is saved,"
[2312] saith the Lord. So Abraham was much to be praised, because "he
walked as the Lord spake to him." Drawing from this instance, one of
the wise men among the Greeks uttered the maxim, "Follow God." [2313]
"The godly," says Esaias, "framed wise counsels." [2314] Now counsel is
seeking for the right way of acting in present circumstances, and good
counsel is wisdom in our counsels. And what? Does not God, after the
pardon bestowed on Cain, suitably not long after introduce Enoch, who
had repented? [2315] showing that it is the nature of repentance to
produce pardon; but pardon does not consist in remission, but in
remedy. An instance of the same is the making of the calf by the people
before Aaron. Thence one of the wise men among the Greeks uttered the
maxim, "Pardon is better than punishment;" as also, "Become surety, and
mischief is at hand," is derived from the utterance of Solomon which
says, "My son, if thou become surety for thy friend, thou wilt give
thine hand to thy enemy; for a man's own lips are a strong snare to
him, and he is taken in the words of his own mouth." [2316] And the
saying, "Know thyself," has been taken rather more mystically from
this, "Thou hast seen thy brother, thou hast seen thy God." [2317] Thus
also, "Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and thy
neighbour as thyself;" for it is said, "On these commandments the law
and the prophets hang and are suspended." [2318] With these also agree
the following: "These things have I spoken to you, that My joy might be
fulfilled: and this is My commandment, That ye love one another, as I
have loved you." [2319] "For the Lord is merciful and pitiful; and
gracious [2320] is the Lord to all." [2321] "Know thyself" is more
clearly and often expressed by Moses, when he enjoins, "Take heed to
thyself." [2322] "By alms then, and acts of faith, sins are purged."
[2323] "And by the fear of the Lord each one departs from evil." [2324]
"And the fear of the Lord is instruction and wisdom." [2325]
__________________________________________________________________
[2294] Eurip., Medea, 1078.
[2295] These lines, which are not found in the Ajax of Sophocles, have been amended by various hands. Instead of sumphorousa, we have ventured to read sumphoras--kelis sumphoras being a Sophoclean phrase, and sumphorousa being unsuitable.
[2296] Rom. iv. 7, 8.
[2297] 1 Pet. ii. 24.
[2298] Ps. xxxii. 1, 2; Rom. iv. 7, 8.
[2299] 1 Pet. iv. 8.
[2300] Ezek. xxxiii. 11.
[2301] Matt. v. 28.
[2302] Jer. i. 20.
[2303] Jer. xlix. 19.
[2304] 1 John v. 16, 17.
[2305] Ps. i. 1 (quoted from Barnabas, with some additions and omissions). [See vol. i. p. 143, this series.]
[2306] Ps. i. 2.
[2307] 1 Cor. viii. 7.
[2308] Ps. i. 4, 5.
[2309] John iii. 18.
[2310] Ps. i. 5, 6.
[2311] Ezek. xxxiv. 4-6.
[2312] These words are not in Scripture, but the substance of them is contained in Luke xv. 7, 10.
[2313] One of the precepts of the seven wise men.
[2314] Isa. xxxii. 8, Sept.
[2315] Philo explains Enoch's translation allegorically, as denoting reformation or repentance.
[2316] Prov. vi. 1, 2.
[2317] Quoted as if in Scripture, but not found there. The allusion may be, as is conjectured, to what God said to Moses respecting him and Aaron, to whom he was to be as God; or to Jacob saying to Esau, "I have seen thy face as it were the face of God."
[2318] Luke x. 27, etc.
[2319] John. xv. 11, 12.
[2320] chrestos instread of christos which is in the text.
[2321] Ps. cviii. 8, cxi. 4.
[2322] Ex. x. 28, xxxiv. 12; Deut. iv. 9.
[2323] Prob. Ecclus. iii. 29.
[2324] Prov. iii. 7.
[2325] Ecclus. i. 27.
__________________________________________________________________

Chapter XVI.--How We are to Explain the Passages of Scripture Which Ascribe to God Human Affections.

Here again arise the cavillers, who say that joy and pain are passions
of the soul: for they define joy as a rational elevation and
exultation, as rejoicing on account of what is good; and pity as pain
for one who suffers undeservedly; and that such affections are moods
and passions of the soul. But we, as would appear, do not cease in such
matters to understand the Scriptures carnally; and starting from our
own affections, interpret the will of the impassible Deity similarly to
our perturbations; and as we are capable of hearing; so, supposing the
same to be the case with the Omnipotent, err impiously. For the Divine
Being cannot be declared as it exists: but as we who are fettered in
the flesh were able to listen, so the prophets spake to us; the Lord
savingly accommodating Himself to the weakness of men. [2326] Since,
then, it is the will of God that he, who is obedient to the commands
and repents of his sins should be saved, and we rejoice on account of
our salvation, the Lord, speaking by the prophets, appropriated our joy
to Himself; as speaking lovingly in the Gospel He says, "I was hungry,
and ye gave Me to eat: I was thirsty, and ye gave Me to drink. For
inasmuch as ye did it to one of the least of these, ye did it to Me."
[2327] As, then, He is nourished, though not personally, by the
nourishing of one whom He wishes nourished; so He rejoices, without
suffering change, by reason of him who has repented being in joy, as He
wished. And since God pities richly, being good, and giving commands by
the law and the prophets, and more nearly still by the appearance of
his Son, saving and pitying, as was said, those who have found mercy;
and properly the greater pities the less; and a man cannot be greater
than man, being by nature man; but God in everything is greater than
man; if, then, the greater pities the less, it is God alone that will
pity us. For a man is made to communicate by righteousness, and bestows
what he received from God, in consequence of his natural benevolence
and relation, and the commands which he obeys. But God has no natural
relation to us, as the authors of the heresies will have it; neither on
the supposition of His having made us of nothing, nor on that of having
formed us from matter; since the former did not exist at all, and the
latter is totally distinct from God unless we shall dare to say that we
are a part of Him, and of the same essence as God. And I know not how
one, who knows God, can bear to hear this when he looks to our life,
and sees in what evils we are involved. For thus it would turn out,
which it were impiety to utter, that God sinned in [certain] portions,
if the portions are parts of the whole and complementary of the whole;
and if not complementary, neither can they be parts. But God being by
nature rich in pity, in consequence of His own goodness, cares for us,
though neither portions of Himself, nor by nature His children. And
this is the greatest proof of the goodness of God: that such being our
relation to Him, and being by nature wholly estranged, He nevertheless
cares for us. For the affection in animals to their progeny is natural,
and the friendship of kindred minds is the result of intimacy. But the
mercy of God is rich toward us, who are in no respect related to Him; I
say either in our essence or nature, or in the peculiar energy of our
essence, but only in our being the work of His will. And him who
willingly, with discipline and teaching, accepts the knowledge of the
truth, He calls to adoption, which is the greatest advancement of all.
"Transgressions catch a man; and in the cords of his own sins each one
is bound." [2328] And God is without blame. And in reality, "blessed is
the man who feareth alway through piety." [2329]
__________________________________________________________________
[2326] [This anthropopathy is a figure by which God is interpreted to us after the intelligible forms of humanity. Language framed by human usage makes this figure necessary to revelation.]
[2327] Matt. xxv. 35, 40.
[2328] Prov. v. 22.
[2329] Prov. xxviii. 14.
__________________________________________________________________

Chapter XVII.--On the Various Kinds of Knowledge.

As, then, Knowledge (episteme) is an intellectual state, from which
results the act of knowing, and becomes apprehension irrefragable by
reason; so also ignorance is a receding impression, which can be
dislodged by reason. And that which is overthrown as well as that which
is elaborated by reason, is in our power. Akin to Knowledge is
experience, cognition (eidesis), Comprehension (sunesis), perception,
and Science. Cognition (eidesis) is the knowledge of universals by
species; and Experience is comprehensive knowledge, which investigates
the nature of each thing. Perception (noesis) is the knowledge of
intellectual objects; and Comprehension (sunesis) is the knowledge of
what is compared, or a comparison that cannot be annulled, or the
faculty of comparing the objects with which Judgment and Knowledge are
occupied, both of one and each and all that goes to make up one reason.
And Science (gnosis) is the knowledge of the thing in itself, or the
knowledge which harmonizes with what takes place. Truth is the
knowledge of the true; and the mental habit of truth is the knowledge
of the things which are true. Now knowledge is constituted by the
reason, and cannot be overthrown by another reason. [2330] What we do
not, we do not either from not being able, or not being willing--or
both. Accordingly we don't fly, since we neither can nor wish; we do
not swim at present, for example, since we can indeed, but do not
choose; and we are not as the Lord, since we wish, but cannot be: "for
no disciple is above his master, and it is sufficient if we be as the
master:" [2331] not in essence (for it is impossible for that, which is
by adoption, to be equal in substance to that, which is by nature); but
[we are as Him] only in our [2332] having been made immortal, and our
being conversant with the contemplation of realities, and beholding the
Father through what belongs to Him.

Therefore volition takes the precedence of all; for the intellectual
powers are ministers of the Will. "Will," it is said, "and thou shalt
be able." [2333] And in the Gnostic, Will, Judgment, and Exertion are
identical. For if the determinations are the same, the opinions and
judgments will be the same too; so that both his words, and life, and
conduct, are conformable to rule. "And a right heart seeketh knowledge,
and heareth it." "God taught me wisdom, and I knew the knowledge of the
holy." [2334]
__________________________________________________________________
[2330] entautha ten gnosin polupragmonei appears in the text, which, with great probability, is supposed to be a marginal note which got into the text, the indicative being substituted for the imperative.
[2331] Matt. x. 24, 25; Luke vi. 40.
[2332] Adopting Sylburgius' conjecture of to de for to de.
[2333] Perhaps in allusion to the leper's words to Christ, "If Thou wilt, Thou canst make me clean" (Mark i. 40).
[2334] Prov. xxx. 3.
__________________________________________________________________

Chapter XVIII.--The Mosaic Law the Fountain of All Ethics, and the Source from Which the Greeks Drew Theirs. [2335]

It is then clear also that all the other virtues, delineated in Moses,
supplied the Greeks with the rudiments of the whole department of
morals. I mean valour, and temperance, and wisdom, and justice, and
endurance, and patience, and decorum, and self-restraint; and in
addition to these, piety.

But it is clear to every one that piety, which teaches to worship and
honour, is the highest and oldest cause; and the law itself exhibits
justice, and teaches wisdom, by abstinence from sensible images, and by
inviting to the Maker and Father of the universe. And from this
sentiment, as from a fountain, all intelligence increases. "For the
sacrifices of the wicked are abomination to the Lord; but the prayers
of the upright are acceptable before Him," [2336] since "righteousness
is more acceptable before God than sacrifice." Such also as the
following we find in Isaiah: "To what purpose to me is the multitude of
your sacrifices? saith the Lord;" and the whole section. [2337] "Break
every bond of wickedness; for this is the sacrifice that is acceptable
to the Lord, a contrite heart that seeks its Maker." [2338] "Deceitful
balances are abomination before God; but a just balance is acceptable
to Him." [2339] Thence Pythagoras exhorts "not to step over the
balance;" and the profession of heresies is called deceitful
righteousness; and "the tongue of the unjust shall be destroyed, but
the mouth of the righteous droppeth wisdom." [2340] "For they call the
wise and prudent worthless." [2341] But it were tedious to adduce
testimonies respecting these virtues, since the whole Scripture
celebrates them. Since, then, they define manliness to be knowledge
[2342] of things formidable, and not formidable, and what is
intermediate; and temperance to be a state of mind which by choosing
and avoiding preserves the judgments of wisdom; and conjoined with
manliness is patience, which is called endurance, the knowledge of what
is bearable and what is unbearable; and magnanimity is the knowledge
which rises superior to circumstances. With temperance also is
conjoined caution, which is avoidance in accordance with reason. And
observance of the commandments, which is the innoxious keeping of them,
is the attainment of a secure life. And there is no endurance without
manliness, nor the exercise of self-restraint without temperance. And
these virtues follow one another; and with whom are the sequences of
the virtues, with him is also salvation, which is the keeping of the
state of well-being. Rightly, therefore, in treating of these virtues,
we shall inquire into them all; for he that has one virtue gnostically,
by reason of their accompanying each other, has them all.
Self-restraint is that quality which does not overstep what appears in
accordance with right reason. He exercises self-restraint, who curbs
the impulses that are contrary to right reason, or curbs himself so as
not to indulge in desires contrary to right reason. Temperance, too, is
not without manliness; since from the commandments spring both wisdom,
which follows God who enjoins, and that which imitates the divine
character, namely righteousness; in virtue of which, in the exercise of
self-restraint, we address ourselves in purity to piety and the course
of conduct thence resulting, in conformity with God; being assimilated
to the Lord as far as is possible for us beings mortal in nature. And
this is being just and holy with wisdom; for the Divinity needs nothing
and suffers nothing; whence it is not, strictly speaking, capable of
self-restraint, for it is never subjected to perturbation, over which
to exercise control; while our nature, being capable of perturbation,
needs self-constraint, by which disciplining itself to the need of
little, it endeavours to approximate in character to the divine nature.
For the good man, standing as the boundary between an immortal and a
mortal nature, has few needs; having wants in consequence of his body,
and his birth itself, but taught by rational self-control to want few
things.

What reason is there in the law's prohibiting a man from "wearing
woman's clothing "? [2343] Is it not that it would have us to be manly,
and not to be effeminate neither in person and actions, nor in thought
and word? For it would have the man, that devotes himself to the truth,
to be masculine both in acts of endurance and patience, in life,
conduct, word, and discipline by night and by day; even if the
necessity were to occur, of witnessing by the shedding of his blood.
Again, it is said, "If any one who has newly built a house, and has not
previously inhabited it; or cultivated a newly-planted vine, and not
yet partaken of the fruit; or betrothed a virgin, and not yet married
her;" [2344] --such the humane law orders to be relieved from military
service: from military reasons in the first place, lest, bent on their
desires, they turn out sluggish in war; for it is those who are
untrammelled by passion that boldly encounter perils; and from motives
of humanity, since, in view of the uncertainties of war, the law
reckoned it not right that one should not enjoy his own labours, and
another should without bestowing pains, receive what belonged to those
who had laboured. The law seems also to point out manliness of soul, by
enacting that he who had planted should reap the fruit, and he that
built should inhabit, and he that had betrothed should marry: for it is
not vain hopes which it provides for those who labour; according to the
gnostic word: "For the hope of a good man dead or living does not
perish," [2345] says Wisdom; "I love them that love me; and they who
seek me shall find peace," [2346] and so forth. What then? Did not the
women of the Midianites, by their beauty, seduce from wisdom into
impiety, through licentiousness, the Hebrews when making war against
them? For, having seduced them from a grave mode of life, and by their
beauty ensnared them in wanton delights, they made them insane upon
idol sacrifices and strange women; and overcome by women and by
pleasure at once, they revolted from God, and revolted from the law.
And the whole people was within a little of falling under the power of
the enemy through female stratagem, until, when they were in peril,
fear by its admonitions pulled them back. Then the survivors, valiantly
undertaking the struggle for piety, got the upper hand of their foes.
"The beginning, then, of wisdom is piety, and the knowledge of holy
things is understanding; and to know the law is the characteristic of a
good understanding." [2347] Those, then, who suppose the law to be
productive of agitating fear, are neither good at understanding the
law, nor have they in reality comprehended it; for "the fear of the
Lord causes life, but he who errs shall be afflicted with pangs which
knowledge views not." [2348] Accordingly, Barnabas says mystically,
"May God who rules the universe vouchsafe also to you wisdom, and
understanding, and science, and knowledge of His statutes, and
patience. Be therefore God-taught, seeking what the Lord seeks from
you, that He may find you in the day of judgment lying in wait for
these things." "Children of love and peace," he called them
gnostically. [2349]

Respecting imparting and communicating, though much might be said, let
it suffice to remark that the law prohibits a brother from taking
usury: designating as a brother not only him who is born of the same
parents, but also one of the same race and sentiments, and a
participator in the same word; deeming it right not to take usury for
money, but with open hands and heart to bestow on those who need. For
God, the author and the dispenser of such grace, takes as suitable
usury the most precious things to be found among men--mildness,
gentleness, magnanimity, reputation, renown. Do you not regard this
command as marked by philanthropy? As also the following, "To pay the
wages of the poor daily," teaches to discharge without delay the wages
due for service; for, as I think, the alacrity of the poor with
reference to the future is paralyzed when he has suffered want.
Further, it is said, "Let not the creditor enter the debtor's house to
take the pledge with violence." But let the former ask it to be brought
out, and let not the latter, if he have it, hesitate. [2350] And in the
harvest the owners are prohibited from appropriating what falls from
the handfuls; as also in reaping [the law] enjoins a part to be left
unreaped; signally thereby training those who possess to sharing and to
large-heartedness, by foregoing of their own to those who are in want,
and thus providing means of subsistence for the poor. [2351] You see
how the law proclaims at once the righteousness and goodness of God,
who dispenses food to all ungrudgingly. And in the vintage it
prohibited the grape-gatherers from going back again on what had been
left, and from gathering the fallen grapes; and the same injunctions
are given to the olive-gatherers. [2352] Besides, the tithes of the
fruits and of the flocks taught both piety towards the Deity, and not
covetously to grasp everything, but to communicate gifts of kindness to
one's neighbours. For it was from these, I reckon, and from the
first-fruits that the priests were maintained. We now therefore
understand that we are instructed in piety, and in liberality, and in
justice, and in humanity by the law. For does it not command the land
to be left fallow in the seventh year, and bids the poor fearlessly use
the fruits that grow by divine agency, nature cultivating the ground
for behoof of all and sundry? [2353] How, then, can it be maintained
that the law is not humane, and the teacher of righteousness? Again, in
the fiftieth year, it ordered the same things to be performed as in the
seventh; besides restoring to each one his own land, if from any
circumstance he had parted with it in the meantime; setting bounds to
the desires of those who covet possession, by measuring the period of
enjoyment, and choosing that those who have paid the penalty of
protracted penury should not suffer a life-long punishment. "But alms
and acts of faith are royal guards, and blessing is on the head of him
who bestows; and he who pities the poor shall be blessed." [2354] For
he shows love to one like himself, because of his love to the Creator
of the human race. The above-mentioned particulars have other
explanations more natural, both respecting rest and the recovery of the
inheritance; but they are not discussed at present.

Now love is conceived in many ways, in the form of meekness, of
mildness, of patience, of liberality, of freedom from envy, of absence
of hatred, of forgetfulness of injuries. In all it is incapable of
being divided or distinguished: its nature is to communicate. Again, it
is said, "If you see the beast of your relatives, or friends, or, in
general, of anybody you know, wandering in the wilderness, take it back
and restore it; [2355] and if the owner be far away, keep it among your
own till he return, and restore it." It teaches a natural
communication, that what is found is to be regarded as a deposit, and
that we are not to bear malice to an enemy. "The command of the Lord
being a fountain of life" truly, "causeth to turn away from the snare
of death." [2356] And what? Does it not command us "to love strangers
not only as friends and relatives, but as ourselves, both in body and
soul?" [2357] Nay more, it honoured the nations, and bears no grudge
[2358] against those who have done ill. Accordingly it is expressly
said, "Thou shalt not abhor an Egyptian, for thou wast a sojourner in
Egypt;" [2359] designating by the term Egyptian either one of that
race, or any one in the world. And enemies, although drawn up before
the walls attempting to take the city, are not to be regarded as
enemies till they are by the voice of the herald summoned to peace.
[2360]

Further, it forbids intercourse with a female captive so as to
dishonour her. "But allow her," it says, "thirty days to mourn
according to her wish, and changing her clothes, associate with her as
your lawful wife." [2361] For it regards it not right that this should
take place either in wantonness or for hire like harlots, but only for
the birth of children. Do you see humanity combined with continence?
The master who has fallen in love with his captive maid it does not
allow to gratify his pleasure, but puts a check on his lust by
specifying an interval of time; and further, it cuts off the captive's
hair, in order to shame disgraceful love: for if it is reason that
induces him to marry, he will cleave to her even after she has become
disfigured. Then if one, after his lust, does not care to consort any
longer with the captive, it ordains that it shall not be lawful to sell
her, or to have her any longer as a servant, but desires her to be
freed and released from service, lest on the introduction of another
wife she bear any of the intolerable miseries caused through jealousy.

What more? The Lord enjoins to ease and raise up the beasts of enemies
when labouring beneath their burdens; remotely teaching us not to
indulge in joy at our neighbour's ills, or exult over our enemies; in
order to teach those who are trained in these things to pray for their
enemies. For He does not allow us either to grieve at our neighbour's
good, or to reap joy at our neighbour's ill. And if you find any
enemy's beast straying, you are to pass over the incentives of
difference, and take it back and restore it. For oblivion of injuries
is followed by goodness, and the latter by dissolution of enmity. From
this we are fitted for agreement, and this conducts to felicity. And
should you suppose one habitually hostile, and discover him to be
unreasonably mistaken either through lust or anger, turn him to
goodness. Does the law then which conducts to Christ appear humane and
mild? And does not the same God, good, while characterized by
righteousness from the beginning to the end, employ each kind suitably
in order to salvation? "Be merciful," says the Lord, "that you may
receive mercy; forgive, that you may be forgiven. As ye do, so shall it
be done to you; as ye give, so shall it be given to you; as ye judge,
so shall ye be judged; as ye show kindness, so shall kindness be shown
to you: with what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you again."
[2362] Furthermore, [the law] prohibits those, who are in servitude for
their subsistence, to be branded with disgrace; and to those, who have
been reduced to slavery through money borrowed, it gives a complete
release in the seventh year. Further, it prohibits suppliants from
being given up to punishment. True above all, then, is that oracle. "As
gold and silver are tried in the furnace, so the Lord chooseth men's
hearts. The merciful man is long-suffering; and in every one who shows
solicitude there is wisdom. For on a wise man solicitude will fall; and
exercising thought, he will seek life; and he who seeketh God shall
find knowledge with righteousness. And they who have sought Him rightly
have found peace." [2363] And Pythagoras seems to me, to have derived
his mildness towards irrational creatures from the law. For instance,
he interdicted the immediate use of the young in the flocks of sheep,
and goats, and herds of cattle, on the instant of their birth; not even
on the pretext of sacrifice allowing it, both on account of the young
ones and of the mothers; training man to gentleness by what is beneath
him, by means of the irrational creatures. "Resign accordingly," he
says, "the young one to its dam for even the first seven days." For if
nothing takes place without a cause, and milk comes in a shower to
animals in parturition for the sustenance of the progeny, he that tears
that, which has been brought forth, away from the supply of the milk,
dishonours nature. Let the Greeks, then, feel ashamed, and whoever else
inveighs against the law; since it shows mildness in the case of the
irrational creatures, while they expose the offspring of men; though
long ago and prophetically, the law, in the above-mentioned
commandment, threw a check in the way of their cruelty. For if it
prohibits the progeny of the irrational creatures to be separated from
the dam before sucking, much more in the case of men does it provide
beforehand a cure for cruelty and savageness of disposition; so that
even if they despise nature, they may not despise teaching. For they
are permitted to satiate themselves with kids and lambs, and perhaps
there might be some excuse for separating the progeny from its dam. But
what cause is there for the exposure of a child? For the man who did
not desire to beget children had no right to marry at first; certainly
not to have become, through licentious indulgence, the murderer of his
children. Again, the humane law forbids slaying the offspring and the
dam together on the same day. Thence also the Romans, in the case of a
pregnant woman being condemned to death, do not allow her to undergo
punishment till she is delivered. The law too, expressly prohibits the
slaying of such animals as are pregnant till they have brought forth,
remotely restraining the proneness of man to do wrong to man. Thus also
it has extended its clemency to the irrational creatures; that from the
exercise of humanity in the case of creatures of different species, we
might practice among those of the same species a large abundance of it.
Those, too, that kick the bellies of certain animals before
parturition, in order to feast on flesh mixed with milk, make the womb
created for the birth of the foetus its grave, though the law expressly
commands, "But neither shalt thou seethe a lamb in its mother's milk."
[2364] For the nourishment of the living animal, it is meant, may not
become sauce for that which has been deprived of life; and that, which
is the cause of life, may not co-operate in the consumption of the
body. And the same law commands "not to muzzle the ox which treadeth
out the corn: for the labourer must be reckoned worthy of his food."
[2365]

And it prohibits an ox and ass to be yoked in the plough together;
[2366] pointing perhaps to the want of agreement in the case of the
animals; and at the same time teaching not to wrong any one belonging
to another race, and bring him under the yoke, when there is no other
cause to allege than difference of race, which is no cause at all,
being neither wickedness nor the effect of wickedness. To me the
allegory also seems to signify that the husbandry of the Word is not to
be assigned equally to the clean and the unclean, the believer and the
unbeliever; for the ox is clean, but the ass has been reckoned among
the unclean animals. But the benignant Word, abounding in humanity,
teaches that neither is it right to cut down cultivated trees, or to
cut down the grain before the harvest, for mischiefs sake; nor that
cultivated fruit is to be destroyed at all--either the fruit of the
soil or that of the soul: for it does not permit the enemy's country to
be laid waste.

Further, husbandmen derived advantage from the law in such things. For
it orders newly planted trees to be nourished three years in
succession, and the superfluous growths to be cut off, to prevent them
being loaded and pressed down; and to prevent their strength being
exhausted from want, by the nutriment being frittered away, enjoins
tilling and digging round them, so that [the tree] may not, by sending
out suckers, hinder its growth. And it does not allow imperfect fruit
to be plucked from immature trees, but after three years, in the fourth
year; dedicating the first-fruits to God after the tree has attained
maturity.

This type of husbandry may serve as a mode of instruction, teaching
that we must cut the growths of sins, and the useless weeds of the mind
that spring up round the vital fruit, till the shoot of faith is
perfected and becomes strong. [2367] For in the fourth year, since
there is need of time to him that is being solidly catechized, the four
virtues are consecrated to God, the third alone being already joined to
the fourth, [2368] the person of the Lord. And a sacrifice of praise is
above holocausts: "for He," it is said, "giveth strength to get power."
[2369] And if your affairs are in the sunshine of prosperity, get and
keep strength, and acquire power in knowledge. For by these instances
it is shown that both good things and gifts are supplied by God; and
that we, becoming ministers of the divine grace, ought to sow the
benefits of God, and make those who approach us noble and good; so
that, as far as possible, the temperate man may make others continent,
he that is manly may make them noble, he that is wise may make them
intelligent, and the just may make them just.
__________________________________________________________________
[2335] [See p. 192, supra, and the note.]
[2336] Prov. xv. 8.
[2337] Isa. i. 11, etc.
[2338] Isa. lviii. 6.
[2339] Prov. xi. 1.
[2340] Prov. x. 31.
[2341] Prov. xvi. 21, misquoted, or the text is corrupt; "The wise in heart shall be called prudent," A.V.
[2342] For the use of knowledge in this connection, Philo, Sextus Empiricus, and Zeno are quoted.
[2343] Deut. xxii. 5.
[2344] "These words are more like Philo Judaeus, i. 740, than those of Moses, Deut. xx. 5-7."--Potter.
[2345] Prov. x. 7, xi. 7.
[2346] Prov. viii. 17.
[2347] Prov. ix. 10.
[2348] Prov. xix. 23.
[2349] [See Epistle of Barnabas, vol. p. i. 149, S.]
[2350] Deut. xxiv. 10, 11.
[2351] Lev. xix. 9, xxiii. 22; Deut. xxiv. 19.
[2352] Lev. xix. 10; Deut. xxiv. 20, 21.
[2353] Ex. xxxiii. 10, 11; Lev. xxv. 2-7.
[2354] Prov. xx. 28, xi. 26, xiv. 21.
[2355] Quoted from Philo, with slight alterations, giving the sense of Ex. xxiii. 4, Deut. xxii. 12, 3.
[2356] Prov. xiv. 27.
[2357] Lev. xix. 33, 34; Deut. x. 19, xxiii. 7.
[2358] mnesiponerei (equivalent to mnesikakei in the passage of Philo from which Clement is quoting) has been substituted by Sylb. for misoponerei.
[2359] Deut. xxiii. 7.
[2360] Deut. xx. 10.
[2361] Deut. xxi. 10-13.
[2362] Matt. v. vi. vii.; Luke vi.
[2363] Prov. xix. 11, xiv. 23, xvii. 12.
[2364] Deut. xiv. 21;
[2365] Deut. xxv. 4; 1 Tim. v. 18.
[2366] Deut. xxii. 10.
[2367] [See Hermas, Visions, [52]note 2, p. 15, this volume.]
[2368] So Clement seems to designate the human nature of Christ,--as being a quartum quid in addition to the three persons of the Godhead. [A strange note: borrowed from ed. Migne. The incarnation of the second person is a quartum quid, of course; but not, in our author's view, "an addition to the three persons of the Godhead."]
[2369] Deut. viii. 18.
__________________________________________________________________

Chapter XIX.--The True Gnostic is an Imitator of God, Especially in Beneficence.

He is the Gnostic, who is after the image and likeness of God, who
imitates God as far as possible, deficient in none of the things which
contribute to the likeness as far as compatible, practising
self-restraint and endurance, living righteously, reigning over the
passions, bestowing of what he has as far as possible, and doing good
both by word and deed. "He is the greatest," it is said, "in the
kingdom who shall do and teach;" [2370] imitating God in conferring
like benefits. For God's gifts are for the common good. "Whoever shall
attempt to do aught with presumption, provokes God," [2371] it is said.
For haughtiness is a vice of the soul, of which, as of other sins, He
commands us to repent; by adjusting our lives from their state of
derangement to the change for the better in these three things--mouth,
heart, hands. These are signs--the hands of action, the heart of
volition, the mouth of speech. Beautifully, therefore, has this oracle
been spoken with respect to penitents: "Thou hast chosen God this day
to be thy God; and God hath chosen thee this day to be His people."
[2372] For him who hastes to serve the self-existent One, being a
suppliant, [2373] God adopts to Himself; and though he be only one in
number, he is honoured equally with the people. For being a part of the
people, he becomes complementary of it, being restored from what he
was; and the whole is named from a part.

But nobility is itself exhibited in choosing and practising what is
best. For what benefit to Adam was such a nobility as he had? No mortal
was his father; for he himself was father of men that are born. What is
base he readily chose, following his wife, and neglected what is true
and good; on which account he exchanged his immortal life for a mortal
life, but not for ever. And Noah, whose origin was not the same as
Adam's, was saved by divine care. For he took and consecrated himself
to God. And Abraham, who had children by three wives, not for the
indulgence of pleasure, but in the hope, as I think, of multiplying the
race at the first, was succeeded by one alone, who was heir of his
father's blessings, while the rest were separated from the family; and
of the twins who sprang from him, the younger having won his father's
favour and received his prayers, became heir, and the elder served him.
For it is the greatest boon to a bad man not to be master of himself.
[2374]

And this arrangement was prophetical and typical. And that all things
belong to the wise, Scripture clearly indicates when it is said,
"Because God hath had mercy on me, I have all things." [2375] For it
teaches that we are to desire one thing, by which are all things, and
what is promised is assigned to the worthy. Accordingly, the good man
who has become heir of the kingdom, it registers also as
fellow-citizen, through divine wisdom, with the righteous of the olden
time, who under the law and before the law lived according to law,
whose deeds have become laws to us; and again, teaching that the wise
man is king, introduces people of a different race, saying to him,
"Thou art a king before God among us;" [2376] those who were governed
obeying the good man of their own accord, from admiration of his
virtue.

Now Plato the philosopher, defining the end of happiness, says that it
is likeness to God as far as possible; whether concurring with the
precept of the law (for great natures that are free of passions somehow
hit the mark respecting the truth, as the Pythagorean Philo says in
relating the history of Moses), or whether instructed by certain
oracles of the time, thirsting as he always was for instruction. For
the law says, "Walk after the Lord your God, and keep my commandments."
[2377] For the law calls assimilation following; and such a following
to the utmost of its power assimilates. "Be," says the Lord, "merciful
and pitiful, as your heavenly Father is pitiful." [2378] Thence also
the Stoics have laid down the doctrine, that living agreeably to nature
is the end, fitly altering the name of God into nature; since also
nature extends to plants, to seeds, to trees, and to stones. It is
therefore plainly said, "Bad men do not understand the law; but they
who love the law fortify themselves with a wall." [2379] "For the
wisdom of the clever knows its ways; but the folly of the foolish is in
error." [2380] "For on whom will I look, but on him who is mild and
gentle, and trembleth at my words?" says the prophecy.

We are taught that there are three kinds of friendship: and that of
these the first and the best is that which results from virtue, for the
love that is founded on reason is firm; that the second and
intermediate is by way of recompense, and is social, liberal, and
useful for life; for the friendship which is the result of favour is
mutual. And the third and last we assert to be that which is founded on
intimacy; others, again, that it is that variable and changeable form
which rests on pleasure. And Hippodamus the Pythagorean seems to me to
describe friendships most admirably: "That founded on knowledge of the
gods, that founded on the gifts of men, and that on the pleasures of
animals." There is the friendship of a philosopher,--that of a man and
that of an animal. For the image of God is really the man who does
good, in which also he gets good: as the pilot at once saves, and is
saved. Wherefore, when one obtains his request, he does not say to the
giver, Thou hast given well, but, Thou hast received well. So he
receives who gives, and he gives who receives. "But the righteous pity
and show mercy." [2381] "But the mild shall be inhabitants of the
earth, and the innocent shall be left in it. But the transgressors
shall be extirpated from it." [2382] And Homer seems to me to have said
prophetically of the faithful, "Give to thy friend." And an enemy must
be aided, that he may not continue an enemy. For by help good feeling
is compacted, and enmity dissolved. "But if there be present readiness
of mind, according to what a man hath it is acceptable, and not
according to what he hath not: for it is not that there be ease to
others, but tribulation to you, but of equality at the present time,"
and so forth. [2383] "He hath dispersed, he hath given to the poor; his
righteousness endureth for ever," the Scripture says. [2384] For
conformity with the image and likeness is not meant of the body (for it
were wrong for what is mortal to be made like what is immortal), but in
mind and reason, on which fitly the Lord impresses the seal of
likeness, both in respect of doing good and of exercising rule. For
governments are directed not by corporeal qualities, but by judgments
of the mind. For by the counsels of holy men states are managed well,
and the household also.
__________________________________________________________________
[2370] Matt. v. 19.
[2371] Num. xv. 30.
[2372] Deut. xxvi. 17, 18.
[2373] hike ten has been adopted from Philo, instead of oiketen of the text.
[2374] [A noteworthy aphorism.]
[2375] Gen. xxxiii. 11.
[2376] Gen. xxiii. 6.
[2377] Deut. xiii. 4.
[2378] Luke vi. 36.
[2379] Prov. xxviii. 4, 5.
[2380] Prov. xiv. 8.
[2381] Prov. xxi. 26.
[2382] Prov. ii. 21, 22.
[2383] 2 Cor. viii. 12, 13, 14.
[2384] Ps. cxii. 9.
__________________________________________________________________

Chapter XX.--The True Gnostic Exercises Patience and Self-Restraint.

Endurance also itself forces its way to the divine likeness, reaping as
its fruit impassibility through patience, if what is related of Ananias
be kept in mind; who belonged to a number, of whom Daniel the prophet,
filled with divine faith, was one. Daniel dwelt at Babylon, as Lot at
Sodom, and Abraham, who a little after became the friend of God, in the
land of Chaldea. The king of the Babylonians let Daniel down into a pit
full of wild beasts; the King of all, the faithful Lord, took him up
unharmed. Such patience will the Gnostic, as a Gnostic, possess. He
will bless when under trial, like the noble Job; like Jonas, when
swallowed up by the whale, he will pray, and faith will restore him to
prophesy to the Ninevites; and though shut up with lions, he will tame
the wild beasts; though cast into the fire, he will be besprinkled with
dew, but not consumed. He will give his testimony by night; he will
testify by day; by word, by life, by conduct, he will testify. Dwelling
with the Lord [2385] he will continue his familiar friend, sharing the
same hearth according to the Spirit; pure in the flesh, pure in heart,
sanctified in word. "The world," it is said, "is crucified to him, and
he to the world." [2386] He, bearing about the cross of the Saviour,
will follow the Lord's footsteps, as God, having become holy of holies.

The divine law, then, while keeping in mind all virtue, trains man
especially to self-restraint, laying this as the foundation of the
virtues; and disciplines us beforehand to the attainment of
self-restraint by forbidding us to partake of such things as are by
nature fat, as the breed of swine, which is full-fleshed. For such a
use is assigned to epicures. It is accordingly said that one of the
philosophers, giving the etymology of hus (sow), said that it was thus,
as being fit only for slaughter (thusin) and killing; for life was
given to this animal for no other purpose than that it might swell in
flesh. Similarly, repressing our desires, it forbade partaking of
fishes which have neither fins nor scales; for these surpass other
fishes in fleshiness and fatness. From this it was, in my opinion, that
the mysteries not only prohibited touching certain animals, but also
withdrew certain parts of those slain in sacrifice, for reasons which
are known to the initiated. If, then, we are to exercise control over
the belly, and what is below the belly, it is clear that we have of old
heard from the Lord that we are to check lust by the law.

And this will be completely effected, if we unfeignedly condemn what is
the fuel of lust: I mean pleasure. Now they say that the idea of it is
a gentle and bland excitement, accompanied with some sensation.
Enthralled by this, Menelaus, they say, after the capture of Troy,
having rushed to put Helen to death, as having been the cause of such
calamities, was nevertheless not able to effect it, being subdued by
her beauty, which made him think of pleasure. Whence the tragedians,
jeering, exclaimed insultingly against him:--


"But thou, when on her breast thou lookedst, thy sword

Didst cast away, and with a kiss the traitress,

Ever-beauteous wretch, [2387] thou didst embrace."

And again:--


"Was the sword then by beauty blunted?"

And I agree with Antisthenes when he says, "Could I catch Aphrodite, I
would shoot her; for she has destroyed many of our beautiful and good
women." And he says that "Love [2388] is a vice of nature, and the
wretches who fall under its power call the disease a deity." For in
these words it is shown that stupid people are overcome from ignorance
of pleasure, to which we ought to give no admittance, even though it be
called a god, that is, though it be given by God for the necessity of
procreation. And Xenophon, expressly calling pleasure a vice, says:
"Wretch, what good dost thou know, or what honourable aim hast thou?
which does not even wait for the appetite for sweet things, eating
before being hungry, drinking before being thirsty; and that thou
mayest eat pleasantly, seeking out fine cooks; and that thou mayest
drink pleasantly, procuring costly wines; and in summer runnest about
seeking snow; and that thou mayest sleep pleasantly, not only providest
soft beds, but also supports [2389] to the couches." Whence, as Aristo
said, "against the whole tetrachord of pleasure, pain, fear, and lust,
there is need of much exercise and struggle."


"For it is these, it is these that go through our bowels,

And throw into disorder men's hearts."

"For the minds of those even who are deemed grave, pleasure makes
waxen," according to Plato; since "each pleasure and pain nails to the
body the soul" of the man, that does not sever and crucify himself from
the passions. "He that loses his life," says the Lord, "shall save it;"
either giving it up by exposing it to danger for the Lord's sake, as He
did for us, or loosing it from fellowship with its habitual life. For
if you would loose, and withdraw, and separate (for this is what the
cross means) your soul from the delight and pleasure that is in this
life, you will possess it, found and resting in the looked-for hope.
And this would be the exercise of death, if we would be content with
those desires which are measured according to nature alone, which do
not pass the limit of those which are in accordance with nature--by
going to excess, or going against nature--in which the possibility of
sinning arises. "We must therefore put on the panoply of God, that we
may be able to stand against the wiles of the devil; since the weapons
of our warfare are not carnal, but mighty through God to the pulling
down of strongholds, casting down reasonings, and every lofty thing
which exalteth itself against the knowledge of God, and bringing every
thought into captivity unto the obedience of Christ," [2390] says the
divine apostle. There is need of a man who shall use in a praiseworthy
and discriminating manner the things from which passions take their
rise, as riches and poverty, honour and dishonour, health and sickness,
life and death, toil and pleasure. For, in order that we may treat
things, that are different, indifferently, there is need of a great
difference in us, as having been previously afflicted with much
feebleness, and in the distortion of a bad training and nurture
ignorantly indulged ourselves. The simple word, then, of our philosophy
declares the passions to be impressions on the soul that is soft and
yielding, and, as it were, the signatures of the spiritual powers with
whom we have to struggle. For it is the business, in my opinion, of the
malificent powers to endeavour to produce somewhat of their own
constitution in everything, so as to overcome and make their own those
who have renounced them. And it follows, as might be expected, that
some are worsted; but in the case of those who engage in the contest
with more athletic energy, the powers mentioned above, after carrying
on the conflict in all forms, and advancing even as far as the crown
wading in gore, decline the battle, and admire the victors.

For of objects that are moved, some are moved by impulse and
appearance, as animals; and some by transposition, as inanimate
objects. And of things without life, plants, they say, are moved by
transposition in order to growth, if we will concede to them that
plants are without life. To stones, then, belongs a permanent state.
Plants have a nature; and the irrational animals possess impulse and
perception, and likewise the two characteristics already specified.
[2391] But the reasoning faculty, being peculiar to the human soul,
ought not to be impelled similarly with the irrational animals, but
ought to discriminate appearances, and not to be carried away by them.
The powers, then, of which we have spoken hold out beautiful sights,
and honours, and adulteries, and pleasures, and such like alluring
phantasies before facile spirits; [2392] as those who drive away cattle
hold out branches to them. Then, having beguiled those incapable of
distinguishing the true from the false pleasure, and the fading and
meretricious from the holy beauty, they lead them into slavery. And
each deceit, by pressing constantly on the spirit, impresses its image
on it; and the soul unwittingly carries about the image of the passion,
which takes its rise from the bait and our consent.

The adherents of Basilides are in the habit of calling the passions
appendages: saying that these are in essence certain spirits attached
to the rational soul, through some original perturbation and confusion;
and that, again, other bastard and heterogeneous natures of spirits
grow on to them, like that of the wolf, the ape, the lion, the goat,
whose properties showing themselves around the soul, they say,
assimilate the lusts of the soul to the likeness of the animals. For
they imitate the actions of those whose properties they bear. And not
only are they associated with the impulses and perceptions of the
irrational animals, but they affect [2393] the motions and the beauties
of plants, on account of their bearing also the properties of plants
attached to them. They have also the properties of a particular state,
as the hardness of steel. But against this dogma we shall argue
subsequently, when we treat of the soul. At present this only needs to
be pointed out, that man, according to Basilides, preserves the
appearance of a wooden horse, according to the poetic myth, embracing
as he does in one body a host of such different spirits. Accordingly,
Basilides' son himself, Isidorus, in his book, About the Soul attached
to us, while agreeing in the dogma, as if condemning himself, writes in
these words: "For if I persuade any one that the soul is undivided, and
that the passions of the wicked are occasioned by the violence of the
appendages, the worthless among men will have no slight pretence for
saying, I was compelled, I was carried away, I did it against my will,
I acted unwillingly;' though he himself led the desire of evil things,
and did not fight against the assaults of the appendages. But we must,
by acquiring superiority in the rational part, show ourselves masters
of the inferior creation in us." For he too lays down the hypothesis of
two souls in us, like the Pythagoreans, at whom we shall glance
afterwards.

Valentinus too, in a letter to certain people, writes in these very
words respecting the appendages: "There is one good, by whose presence
[2394] is the manifestation, which is by the Son, and by Him alone can
the heart become pure, by the expulsion of every evil spirit from the
heart: for the multitude of spirits dwelling in it do not suffer it to
be pure; but each of them performs his own deeds, insulting it oft with
unseemly lusts. And the heart seems to be treated somewhat like a
caravanserai. For the latter has holes and ruts made in it, and is
often filled with dung; men living filthily in it, and taking no care
for the place as belonging to others. So fares it with the heart as
long as there is no thought taken for it, being unclean, and the abode
of many demons. But when the only good Father visits it, it is
sanctified, and gleams with light. And he who possesses such a heart is
so blessed, that "he shall see God." [2395]

What, then, let them tell us, is the cause of such a soul not being
cared for from the beginning? Either that it is not worthy (and somehow
a care for it comes to it as from repentance), or it is a saved nature,
as he would have it; and this, of necessity, from the beginning, being
cared for by reason of its affinity, afforded no entrance to the impure
spirits, unless by being forced and found feeble. For were he to grant
that on repentance it preferred what was better, he will say this
unwillingly, being what the truth we hold teaches; namely, that
salvation is from a change due to obedience, but not from nature. For
as the exhalations which arise from the earth, and from marshes, gather
into mists and cloudy masses; so the vapours of fleshly lusts bring on
the soul an evil condition, scattering about the idols of pleasure
before the soul. Accordingly they spread darkness over the light of
intelligence, the spirit attracting the exhalations that arise from
lust, and thickening the masses of the passions by persistency in
pleasures. Gold is not taken from the earth in the lump, but is
purified by smelting; then, when made pure, it is called gold, the
earth being purified. For "Ask, and it shall be given you," [2396] it
is said to those who are able of themselves to choose what is best. And
how we say that the powers of the devil, and the unclean spirits, sow
into the sinner's soul, requires no more words from me, on adducing as
a witness the apostolic Barnabas (and he was one of the seventy, [2397]
and a fellow-worker of Paul), who speaks in these words: "Before we
believed in God, the dwelling-place of our heart was unstable, truly a
temple built with hands. For it was full of idolatry, and was a house
of demons, through doing what was opposed to God." [2398]

He says, then, that sinners exercise activities appropriate to demons;
but he does not say that the spirits themselves dwell in the soul of
the unbeliever. Wherefore he also adds, "See that the temple of the
Lord be gloriously built. Learn, having received remission of sins; and
having set our hope on the Name, let us become new, created again from
the beginning." For what he says is not that demons are driven out of
us, but that the sins which like them we commit before believing are
remitted. Rightly thus he puts in opposition what follows: "Wherefore
God truly dwells in our home. He dwells in us. How? The word of His
faith, the calling of His promise, the wisdom of His statutes, the
commandments of His communication, [dwell in us]."

"I know that I have come upon a heresy; and its chief was wont to say
that he fought with pleasure by pleasure, this worthy Gnostic advancing
on pleasure in feigned combat, for he said he was a Gnostic; since he
said it was no great thing for a man that had not tried pleasure to
abstain from it, but for one who had mixed in it not to be overcome
[was something]; and that therefore by means of it he trained himself
in it. The wretched man knew not that he was deceiving himself by the
artfulness of voluptuousness. To this opinion, then, manifestly
Aristippus the Cyrenian adhered--that of the sophist who boasted of the
truth. Accordingly, when reproached for continually cohabiting with the
Corinthian courtezan, he said, "I possess Lais, and am not possessed by
her."

Such also are those (who say that they follow Nicolaus, quoting an
adage of the man, which they pervert, [2399] "that the flesh must be
abused." But the worthy man showed that it was necessary to check
pleasures and lusts, and by such training to waste away the impulses
and propensities of the flesh. But they, abandoning themselves to
pleasure like goats, as if insulting the body, lead a life of
self-indulgence; not knowing that the body is wasted, being by nature
subject to dissolution; while their soul is buried in the mire of vice;
following as they do the teaching of pleasure itself, not of the
apostolic man. For in what do they differ from Sardanapalus, whose life
is shown in the epigram:--


"I have what I ate--what I enjoyed wantonly;

And the pleasures I felt in love. But those

Many objects of happiness are left,

For I too am dust, who ruled great Ninus."

For the feeling of pleasure is not at all a necessity, but the
accompaniment of certain natural needs--hunger, thirst, cold, marriage.
If, then, it were possible to drink without it, or take food, or beget
children, no other need of it could be shown. For pleasure is neither a
function, nor a state, nor any part of us; but has been introduced into
life as an auxiliary, as they say salt was to season food. But when it
casts off restraint and rules the house, it generates first
concupiscence, which is an irrational propension and impulse towards
that which gratifies it; and it induced Epicurus to lay down pleasure
as the aim of the philosopher. Accordingly he deifies a sound condition
of body, and the certain hope respecting it. For what else is luxury
than the voluptuous gluttony and the superfluous abundance of those who
are abandoned to self-indulgence? Diogenes writes significantly in a
tragedy:--


"Who to the pleasures of effeminate

And filthy luxury attached in heart,

Wish not to undergo the slightest toil."

And what follows, expressed indeed in foul language, but in a manner
worthy of the voluptuaries.

Wherefore the divine law appears to me necessarily to menace with fear,
that, by caution and attention, the philosopher may acquire and retain
absence of anxiety, continuing without fall and without sin in all
things. For peace and freedom are not otherwise won, than by ceaseless
and unyielding struggles with our lusts. For these stout and Olympic
antagonists are keener than wasps, so to speak; and Pleasure
especially, not by day only, but by night, is in dreams with witchcraft
ensnaringly plotting and biting. How, then, can the Greeks any more be
right in running down the law, when they themselves teach that Pleasure
is the slave of fear? Socrates accordingly bids "people guard against
enticements to eat when they are not hungry, and to drink when not
thirsty, and the glances and kisses of the fair, as fitted to inject a
deadlier poison than that of scorpions and spiders." And Antisthenes
chose rather "to be demented than delighted." And the Theban Crates
says:--


"Master these, exulting in the disposition of the soul,

Vanquished neither by gold nor by languishing love,

Nor are they any longer attendants to the wanton."

And at length infers:--


"Those, unenslaved and unbended by servile Pleasure,

Love the immortal kingdom and freedom."

He writes expressly, in other words, "that the stop [2400] to the
unbridled propensity to amorousness is hunger or a halter."

And the comic poets attest, while they depreciate the teaching of Zeno
the Stoic, to be to the following effect:--


"For he philosophizes a vain philosophy:

He teaches to want food, and gets pupils

One loaf, and for seasoning a dry fig, and to drink water."

All these, then, are not ashamed clearly to confess the advantage which
accrues from caution. And the wisdom which is true and not contrary to
reason, trusting not in mere words and oracular utterances, but in
invulnerable armour of defence and energetic mysteries, and devoting
itself to divine commands, and exercise, and practice, receives a
divine power according to its inspiration from the Word.

Already, then, the aegis of the poetic Jove is described as


"Dreadful, crowned all around by Terror,

And on it Strife and Prowess, and chilling Rout;

On it, too, the Gorgon's head, dread monster,

Terrible, dire, the sign of AEgis-bearing Jove." [2401]

But to those, who are able rightly to understand salvation, I know not
what will appear dearer than the gravity of the Law, and Reverence,
which is its daughter. For when one is said to pitch too high, as also
the Lord says, with reference to certain; so that some of those whose
desires are towards Him may not sing out of pitch and tune, I do not
understand it as pitching too high in reality, but only as spoken with
reference to such as will not take up the divine yoke. For to those,
who are unstrung and feeble, what is medium seems too high; and to
those, who are unrighteous, what befalls them seems severe justice. For
those, who, on account of the favour they entertain for sins, are prone
to pardon, suppose truth to be harshness, and severity to be
savageness, and him who does not sin with them, and is not dragged with
them, to be pitiless. Tragedy writes therefore well of Pluto:--


"And to what sort of a deity wilt thou come, [2402] dost thou ask,

Who knows neither clemency nor favour,

But loves bare justice alone."

For although you are not yet able to do the things enjoined by the Law,
yet, considering that the noblest examples are set before us in it, we
are able to nourish and increase the love of liberty; and so we shall
profit more eagerly as far as we can, inviting some things, imitating
some things, and fearing others. For thus the righteous of the olden
time, who lived according to the law, "were not from a storied oak, or
from a rock;" because they wish to philosophize truly, took and devoted
themselves entirely to God, and were classified under faith. Zeno said
well of the Indians, that he would rather have seen one Indian roasted,
than have learned the whole of the arguments about bearing pain. But we
have exhibited before our eyes every day abundant sources of martyrs
that are burnt, impaled, beheaded. All these the fear inspired by the
law,--leading as a paedagogue to Christ, trained so as to manifest
their piety by their blood. "God stood in the congregation of the gods;
He judgeth in the midst of the gods." [2403] Who are they? Those that
are superior to Pleasure, who rise above the passions, who know what
they do--the Gnostics, who are greater than the world. "I said, Ye are
Gods; and all sons of the Highest." [2404] To whom speaks the Lord? To
those who reject as far as possible all that is of man. And the apostle
says, "For ye are not any longer in the flesh, but in the Spirit."
[2405] And again he says, "Though in the flesh, we do not war after the
flesh." [2406] "For flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God,
neither doth corruption inherit incorruption." [2407] "Lo, ye shall die
like men," the Spirit has said, confuting us.

We must then exercise ourselves in taking care about those things which
fall under the power of the passions, fleeing like those who are truly
philosophers such articles of food as excite lust, and dissolute
licentiousness in chambering and luxury; and the sensations that tend
to luxury, which are a solid reward to others, must no longer be so to
us. For God's greatest gift is self-restraint. For He Himself has said,
"I will neyer leave thee, nor forsake thee," [2408] as having judged
thee worthy according to the true election. Thus, then, while we
attempt piously to advance, we shall have put on us the mild yoke of
the Lord from faith to faith, one charioteer driving each of us onward
to salvation, that the meet fruit of beatitude may be won. "Exercise
is" according to Hippocrates of Cos, "not only the health of the body,
but of the soul--fearlessness of labours--a ravenous appetite for
food."
__________________________________________________________________
[2385] Substituting on for en to Kurio after sunoikos.
[2386] [Gal vi. 14. S.]
[2387] kuna, Eurip., Andromache, 629.
[2388] Eros, Cupid.
[2389] Or, "carpets." Xenoph., Memorabilia, II. i. 30; The Words of Virtue to Vice.
[2390] Eph. vi. 11.
[2391] i.e., Permanent state and nature.
[2392] [See Epiphan., Opp., ii. 391, ed. Oehler.]
[2393] Or, vie with.
[2394] parousia substituted by Grabe for parrhesia.
[2395] Matt. v. 8. [On the Beatitudes, see book iv. cap. 6, infra.]
[2396] Matt. vii. 7.
[2397] [See note, book ii. cap. 7, p. 352, supra.]
[2398] Barnabas, Epist., cap. xvi. vol. i. p. 147.
[2399] [Clement does not credit the apostasy of the deacon Nicolas (Acts vi. 5), though others of the Fathers surrender him to the Nicolaitans. See book iii. cap. iv. infra.]
[2400] katapausma (in Theodoret), for which the text reads kataplasma.
[2401] Iliad, v. 739.
[2402] After this comes os erota, which yields no meaning, and has been variously amended, but not satisfactorily. Most likely some words have dropped out of the text. [The note in ed. Migne, nevertheless, is worth consultation.]
[2403] Ps. lxxxii. 1.
[2404] Ps. lxxxii. 6.
[2405] Rom. viii. 9.
[2406] 2 Cor. x. 3.
[2407] 1 Cor. xv. 50.
[2408] Heb. xiii. 5.
__________________________________________________________________

Chapter XXI.--Opinions of Various Philosophers on the Chief Good.

Epicurus, in placing happiness in not being hungry, or thirsty, or
cold, uttered that godlike word, saying impiously that he would fight
in these points even with Father Jove; teaching, as if it were the case
of pigs that live in filth and not that of rational philosophers, that
happiness was victory. For of those that are ruled by pleasure are the
Cyrenaics and Epicurus; for these expressly said that to live
pleasantly was the chief end, and that pleasure was the only perfect
good. Epicurus also says that the removal of pain is pleasure; and says
that that is to be preferred, which first attracts from itself to
itself, being, that is, wholly in motion. Dinomachus and Callipho said
that the chief end was for one to do what he could for the attainment
and enjoyment of pleasure; and Hieronymus the Peripatetic said the
great end was to live unmolested, and that the only final good was
happiness; and Diodorus likewise, who belonged to the same sect,
pronounces the end to be to live undisturbed and well. Epicurus indeed,
and the Cyrenaics, say that pleasure is the first duty; for it is for
the sake of pleasure, they say, that virtue was introduced, and
produced pleasure. According to the followers of Calliphon, virtue was
introduced for the sake of pleasure, but that subsequently, on seeing
its own beauty, it made itself equally prized with the first principle,
that is, pleasure.

But the Aristotelians lay it down, that to live in accordance with
virtue is the end, but that neither happiness nor the end is reached by
every one who has virtue. For the wise man, vexed and involved in
involuntary mischances, and wishing gladly on these accounts to flee
from life, is neither fortunate nor happy. For virtue needs time; for
that is not acquired in one day which exists [only] in the perfect man
since, as they say, a child is never happy. But human life is a perfect
time, and therefore happiness is completed by the three kinds of good
things. Neither, then, the poor, nor the mean nor even the diseased,
nor the slave, can be one of them.

Again, on the other hand, Zeno the Stoic thinks the end to be living
according to virtue; and, Cleanthes, living agreeably to nature in the
right exercise of reason, which he held to consist of the selection of
things according to nature. And Antipatrus, his friend, supposes the
end to consist in choosing continually and unswervingly the things
which are according to nature, and rejecting those contrary to nature.
Archedamus, on the other hand, explained the end to be such, that in
selecting the greatest and chief things according to nature, it was
impossible to overstep it. In addition to these, Panaetius pronounced
the end to be, to live according to the means given to us by nature.
And finally, Posidonius said that it was to live engaged in
contemplating the truth and order of the universe, and forming himself
as he best can, in nothing influenced by the irrational part of his
soul. And some of the later Stoics defined the great end to consist in
living agreeably to the constitution of man. Why should I mention
Aristo? He said that the end was indifference; but what is indifferent
simply abandons the indifferent. Shall I bring forward the opinions of
Herillus? Herillus states the end to be to live according to science.
For some think that the more recent disciples of the Academy define the
end to be, the steady abstraction of the mind to its own impressions.
Further, Lycus the Peripatetic used to say that the final end was the
true joy of the soul; as Leucimus, that it was the joy it had in what
was good. Critolaus, also a Peripatetic, said that it was the
perfection of a life flowing rightly according to nature, referring to
the perfection accomplished by the three kinds according to tradition.

We must, however, not rest satisfied with these, but endeavour as we
best can to adduce the doctrines laid down on the point by the
naturalist; for they say that Anaxagoras of Clazomenae affirmed
contemplation and the freedom flowing from it to be the end of life;
Heraclitus the Ephesian, complacency. The Pontic Heraclides relates,
that Pythagoras taught that the knowledge of the perfection of the
numbers [2409] was happiness of the soul. The Abderites also teach the
existence of an end. Democritus, in his work On the Chief End, said it
was cheerfulness, which he also called well-being, and often exclaims,
"For delight and its absence are the boundary of those who have reached
full age;" Hecataeus, that it was sufficiency to one's self;
Apollodotus of Cyzicum, that it was delectation; as Nausiphanes, that
it was undauntedness, [2410] for he said that it was this that was
called by Democritus imperturbability. In addition to these still,
Diotimus declared the end to be perfection of what is good, which he
said was termed well-being. Again, Antisthenes, that it was humility.
And those called Annicereans, of the Cyrenaic succession, laid down no
definite end for the whole of life; but said that to each action
belonged, as its proper end, the pleasure accruing from the action.
These Cyrenaics reject Epicurus' definition of pleasure, that is the
removal of pain, calling that the condition of a dead man; because we
rejoice not only on account of pleasures, but companionships and
distinctions; while Epicurus thinks that all joy of the soul arises
from previous sensations of the flesh. Metrodorus, in his book On the
Source of Happiness in Ourselves being greater than that which arises
from Objects, says: What else is the good of the soul but the sound
state of the flesh, and the sure hope of its continuance?
__________________________________________________________________
[2409] The text has areton, virtues, for which, in accordance with Pythagoras' well-known opinion, arithmon has been substituted from Theodoret.
[2410] For kataplexin of the text, Heinsius reads akataplexin, which corresponds to the other term ascribed to Democritus--hathambien.
__________________________________________________________________

Chapter XXII.--Plato's Opinion, that the Chief Good Consists in Assimilation to God, and Its Agreement with Scripture.

Further, Plato the philosopher says that the end is twofold: that which
is communicable, and exists first in the ideal forms themselves, which
he also calls "the good;" and that which partakes of it, and receives
its likeness from it, as is the case in the men who appropriate virtue
and true philosophy. Wherefore also Cleanthes, in the second book, On
Pleasure, says that Socrates everywhere teaches that the just man and
the happy are one and the same, and execrated the first man who
separated the just from the useful, as having done an impious thing.
For those are in truth impious who separate the useful from that which
is right according to the law. Plato himself says that happiness
(eudaimonia) is to possess rightly the daemon, and that the ruling
faculty of the soul is called the daemon; and he terms happiness
(eudaimonia) the most perfect and complete good. Sometimes he calls it
a consistent and harmonious life, sometimes the highest perfection in
accordance with virtue; and this he places in the knowledge of the
Good, and in likeness to God, demonstrating likeness to be justice and
holiness with wisdom. For is it not thus that some of our writers have
understood that man straightway on his creation received what is
"according to the image," but that what is according "to the likeness"
he will receive afterwards on his perfection? Now Plato, teaching that
the virtuous man shall have this likeness accompanied with humility,
explains the following: "He that humbleth himself shall be exalted."
[2411] He says, accordingly, in The Laws: "God indeed, as the ancient
saying has it, occupying the beginning, the middle, and the end of all
things, goes straight through while He goes round the circumference.
And He is always attended by Justice, the avenger of those who revolt
from the divine law." You see how he connects fear with the divine law.
He adds, therefore: "To which he, who would be happy, cleaving, will
follow lowly and beautified." Then, connecting what follows these
words, and admonishing by fear, he adds: "What conduct, then, is dear
and conformable to God? That which is characterized by one word of old
date: Like will be dear to like, as to what is in proportion; but
things out of proportion are neither dear to one another, nor to those
which are in proportion. And that therefore he that would be dear to
God, must, to the best of his power, become such as He is. And in
virtue of the same reason, our self-controlling man is dear to God. But
he that has no self-control is unlike and diverse." In saying that it
was an ancient dogma, he indicates the teaching which had come to him
from the law. And having in the Theatoetus admitted that evils make the
circuit of mortal nature and of this spot, he adds: "Wherefore we must
try to flee hence as soon as possible. For flight is likeness to God as
far as possible. And likeness is to become holy and just with wisdom."
Speusippus, the nephew of Plato, says that happiness is a perfect state
in those who conduct themselves in accordance with nature, or the state
of the good: for which condition all men have a desire, but the good
only attained to quietude; consequently the virtues are the authors of
happiness. And Xenocrates the Chalcedonian defines happiness to be the
possession of virtue, strictly so called, and of the power subservient
to it. Then he clearly says, that the seat in which it resides is the
soul; that by which it is effected, the virtues; and that of these as
parts are formed praiseworthy actions, good habits and dispositions,
and motions, and relations; and that corporeal and external objects are
not without these. For Polemo, the disciple of Xenocrates, seems of the
opinion that happiness is sufficiency of all good things, or of the
most and greatest. He lays down the doctrine, then, that happiness
never exists without virtue; and that virtue, apart from corporeal and
external objects, is sufficient for happiness. Let these things be so.
The contradictions to the opinions specified shall be adduced in due
time. But on us it is incumbent to reach the unaccomplished end,
obeying the commands--that is, God--and living according to them,
irreproachably and intelligently, through knowledge of the divine will;
and assimilation as far as possible in accordance with right reason is
the end, and restoration to perfect adoption by the Son, which ever
glorifies the Father by the great High Priest who has deigned to call
us brethren and fellow-heirs. And the apostle, succinctly describing
the end, writes in the Epistle to the Romans: "But now, being made free
from sin, and become servants to God, ye have your fruit unto holiness,
and the end everlasting life." [2412] And viewing the hope as
twofold--that which is expected, and that which has been received--he
now teaches the end to be the restitution of the hope. "For patience,"
he says, "worketh experience, and experience hope: and hope maketh not
ashamed; because the love of God is shed abroad in our hearts by the
Holy Spirit that is given to us." [2413] On account of which love and
the restoration to hope, he says, in another place, "which rest is laid
up for us." [2414] You will find in Ezekiel the like, as follows: "The
soul that sinneth, it shall die. And the man who shall be righteous,
and shall do judgment and justice, who has not eaten on the mountains,
nor lifted his eyes to the idols of the house of Israel, and hath not
defiled his neighbour's wife, and hath not approached to a woman in the
time of her uncleanness (for he does not wish the seed of man to be
dishonoured), and will not injure a man; will restore the debtor's
pledge, and will not take usury; will turn away his hand from wrong;
will do true judgment between a man and his neighbour; will walk in my
ordinances, and keep my commandments, so as to do the truth; he is
righteous, he shall surely live, saith Adonai the Lord." [2415] Isaiah
too, in exhorting him that hath not believed to gravity of life, and
the Gnostic to attention, proving that man's virtue and God's are not
the same, speaks thus: "Seek the Lord, and on finding Him call on Him.
And when He shall draw near to you, let the wicked forsake his ways,
and the unrighteous man his ways; and let him return to the Lord, and
he shall obtain mercy," down to "and your thoughts from my thoughts."
[2416] "We," then, according to the noble apostle, "wait for the hope
of righteousness by faith. For in Christ neither circumcision availeth
anything, nor uncircumcision, but faith which worketh by love." [2417]
And we desire that every one of you show the same diligence to the full
assurance of hope," down to "made an high priest for ever, after the
order of Melchizedek." [2418] Similarly with Paul "the All-virtuous
Wisdom" says, "He that heareth me shall dwell trusting in hope." [2419]
For the restoration of hope is called by the same term "hope." To the
expression "will dwell" it has most beautifully added "trusting,"
showing that such an one has obtained rest, having received the hope
for which he hoped. Wherefore also it is added, "and shall be quiet,
without fear of any evil." And openly and expressly the apostle, in the
first Epistle to the Corinthians says, "Be ye followers of me, as also
I am of Christ," [2420] in order that that may take place. If ye are of
me, and I am of Christ, then ye are imitators of Christ, and Christ of
God. Assimilation to God, then, so that as far as possible a man
becomes righteous and holy with wisdom he lays down as the aim of
faith, and the end to be that restitution of the promise which is
effected by faith. From these doctrines gush the fountains, which we
specified above, of those who have dogmatized about "the end." But of
these enough.
__________________________________________________________________
[2411] Luke xiv. 11.
[2412] Rom. vi. 22.
[2413] Rom. v. 4, 5.
[2414] Probably Heb. iv. 8, 9.
[2415] Ezek. xviii. 4-9.
[2416] Isa. lv. 6, 7, 9.
[2417] Gal. v. 5, 6.
[2418] Heb. vi. 11-20.
[2419] Prov. i. 33.
[2420] 1 Cor. xi. 1.
__________________________________________________________________

Chapter XXIII.--On Marriage.

Since pleasure and lust seem to fall under marriage, it must also be
treated of. Marriage is the first conjunction of man and woman for the
procreation of legitimate children. [2421] Accordingly Menander the
comic poet says:--


"For the begetting of legitimate children,

I give thee my daughter."

We ask if we ought to marry; which is one of the points, which are said
to be relative. For some must marry, and a man must be in some
condition, and he must marry some one in some condition. For every one
is not to marry, nor always. But there is a time in which it is
suitable, and a person for whom it is suitable, and an age up to which
it is suitable. Neither ought every one to take a wife, nor is it every
woman one is to take, nor always, nor in every way, nor
inconsiderately. But only he who is in certain circumstances, and such
an one and at such time as is requisite, and for the sake of children,
and one who is in every respect similar, and who does not by force or
compulsion love the husband who loves her. Hence Abraham, regarding his
wife as a sister, says, "She is my sister by my father, but not by my
mother; and she became my wife," [2422] teaching us that children of
the same mothers ought not to enter into matrimony. Let us briefly
follow the history. Plato ranks marriage among outward good things,
providing for the perpetuity of our race, and handing down as a torch a
certain perpetuity to children's children. Democritus repudiates
marriage and the procreation of children, on account of the many
annoyances thence arising, and abstractions from more necessary things.
Epicurus agrees, and those who place good in pleasure, and in the
absence of trouble and pain. According to the opinion of the Stoics,
marriage and the rearing of children are a thing indifferent; and
according to the Peripatetics, a good. In a word, these, following out
their dogmas in words, became enslaved to pleasures; some using
concubines, some mistresses, and the most youths. And that wise
quaternion in the garden with a mistress, honoured pleasure by their
acts. Those, then, will not escape the curse of yoking an ass with an
ox, who, judging certain things not to suit them, command others to do
them, or the reverse. This Scripture has briefly showed, when it says,
"What thou hatest, thou shalt not do to another." [2423]

But they who approve of marriage say, Nature has adapted us for
marriage, as is evident from the structure of our bodies, which are
male and female. And they constantly proclaim that command, "Increase
and replenish." [2424] And though this is the case, yet it seems to
them shameful that man, created by God, should be more licentious than
the irrational creatures, which do not mix with many licentiously, but
with one of the same species, such as pigeons and ringdoves, [2425] and
creatures like them. Furthermore, they say, "The childless man fails in
the perfection which is according to nature, not having substituted his
proper successor in his place. For he is perfect that has produced from
himself his like, or rather, when he sees that he has produced the
same; that is, when that which is begotten attains to the same nature
with him who begat." Therefore we must by all means marry, both for our
country's sake, for the succession of children, and as far as we are
concerned, the perfection of the world; since the poets also pity a
marriage half-perfect and childless, but pronounce the fruitful one
happy. But it is the diseases of the body that principally show
marriage to be necessary. For a wife's care and the assiduity of her
constancy appear to exceed the endurance of all other relations and
friends, as much as to excel them in sympathy; and most of all, she
takes kindly to patient watching. And in truth, according to Scripture,
she is a needful help. [2426] The comic poet then, Menander, while
running down marriage, and yet alleging on the other side its
advantages, replies to one who had said:--


"I am averse to the thing,

For you take it awkwardly."

Then he adds:--


"You see the hardships and the things which annoy you in it.

But you do not look on the advantages."

And so forth.

Now marriage is a help in the case of those advanced in years, by
furnishing a spouse to take care of one, and by rearing children of her
to nourish one's old age.


"For to a man after death his children bring renown,

Just as corks bear the net,

Saving the fishing-line from the deep." [2427]

according to the tragic poet Sophocles.

Legislators, moreover, do not allow those who are unmarried to
discharge the highest magisterial offices. For instance, the legislator
of the Spartans imposed a fine not on bachelorhood only, but on
monogamy, [2428] and late marriage, and single life. And the renowned
Plato orders the man who has not married to pay a wife's maintenance
into the public treasury, and to give to the magistrates a suitable sum
of money as expenses. For if they shall not beget children, not having
married, they produce, as far as in them lies, a scarcity of men, and
dissolve states and the world that is composed of them, impiously doing
away with divine generation. It is also unmanly and weak to shun living
with a wife and children. For of that of which the loss is an evil, the
possession is by all means a good; and this is the case with the rest
of things. But the loss of children is, they say, among the chiefest
evils: the possession of children is consequently a good thing; and if
it be so, so also is marriage. It is said:--


"Without a father there never could be a child,

And without a mother conception of a child could not be.

Marriage makes a father, as a husband a mother." [2429]

Accordingly Homer makes a thing to be earnestly prayed for:--


"A husband and a house;"

yet not simply, but along with good agreement. For the marriage of
other people is an agreement for indulgence; but that of philosophers
leads to that agreement which is in accordance with reason, bidding
wives adorn themselves not in outward appearance, but in character; and
enjoining husbands not to treat their wedded wives as mistresses,
making corporeal wantonness their aim; but to take advantage of
marriage for help in the whole of life, and for the best
self-restraint.

Far more excellent, in my opinion, than the seeds of wheat and barley
that are sown at appropriate seasons, is man that is sown, for whom all
things grow; and those seeds temperate husbandmen ever sow. Every foul
and polluting practice must therefore be purged away from marriage;
that the intercourse of the irrational animals may not be cast in our
teeth, as more accordant with nature than human conjunction in
procreation. Some of these, it must be granted, desist at the time in
which they are directed, leaving creation to the working of Providence.

By the tragedians, Polyxena, though being murdered, is described
nevertheless as having, when dying, taken great care to fall
decently,--


"Concealing what ought to be hid from the eyes of men."

Marriage to her was a calamity. To be subjected, then, to the passions,
and to yield to them, is the extremest slavery; as to keep them in
subjection is the only liberty. The divine Scripture accordingly says,
that those who have transgressed the commandments are sold to
strangers, that is, to sins alien to nature, till they return and
repent. Marriage, then, as a sacred image, must be kept pure from those
things which defile it. [2430] We are to rise from our slumbers with
the Lord, and retire to sleep with thanksgiving and prayer,--


"Both when you sleep, and when the holy light comes,"

confessing the Lord in our whole life; possessing piety in the soul,
and extending self-control to the body. For it is pleasing to God to
lead decorum from the tongue to our actions. Filthy speech is the way
to effrontery; and the end of both is filthy conduct.

Now that the Scripture counsels marriage, and allows no release from
the union, is expressly contained in the law, "Thou shalt not put away
thy wife, except for the cause of fornication;" and it regards as
fornication, the marriage of those separated while the other is alive.
Not to deck and adorn herself beyond what is becoming, renders a wife
free of calumnious suspicion, while she devotes herself assiduously to
prayers and supplications; avoiding frequent departures from the house,
and shutting herself up as far as possible from the view of all not
related to her, and deeming housekeeping of more consequence than
impertinent trifling. "He that taketh a woman that has been put away,"
it is said, "committeth adultery; and if one puts away his wife, he
makes her an adulteress," [2431] that is, compels her to commit
adultery. And not only is he who puts her away guilty of this, but he
who takes her, by giving to the woman the opportunity of sinning; for
did he not take her, she would return to her husband. What, then, is
the law? [2432] In order to check the impetuosity of the passions, it
commands the adulteress to be put to death, on being convicted of this;
and if of priestly family, to be committed to the flames. [2433] And
the adulterer also is stoned to death, but not in the same place, that
not even their death may be in common. And the law is not at variance
with the Gospel, but agrees with it. How should it be otherwise, one
Lord being the author of both? She who has committed fornication liveth
in sin, and is dead to the commandments; but she who has repented,
being as it were born again by the change in her life, has a
regeneration of life; the old harlot being dead, and she who has been
regenerated by repentance having come back again to life. The Spirit
testifies to what has been said by Ezekiel, declaring, "I desire not
the death of the sinner, but that he should turn." [2434] Now they are
stoned to death; as through hardness of heart dead to the law which
they believed not. But in the case of a priestess the punishment is
increased, because "to whom much is given, from him shall more be
required." [2435]

Let us conclude this second book of the Stromata at this point, on
account of the length and number of the chapters.
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[2421] [He places the essence of marriage in the chaste consummation itself, the first after lawful nuptials. Such is the force of this definition, which the note in ed. Migne misrepresents, as if it were a denial that second nuptials are marriage.]
[2422] Gen. xx. 12.
[2423] Tob. iv. 15.
[2424] Gen. i. 28.
[2425] [The offering of the purification has a beautiful regard to the example of the turtle-dove; and the marriage-ring may have been suggested by the ringdove, a symbol of constancy in nature.]
[2426] Gen. ii. 18. [A beautiful tribute to the true wife.]
[2427] The corrections of Stanley on these lines have been adopted. They occur in the Choephorae of Aeschylus, 503, but may have been found in Sophocles, as the tragic poets borrowed from one another.
[2428] i.e., not entering into a second marriage after a wife's death. But instead of monogamiou some read kakogamiou--bad marriage. 
[2429] [To be a mother, indeed, one must be first a wife; the woman who has a child out of wedlock is not entitled to this holy name.]
[2430] [A holy marriage, as here so beautifully defined, was something wholly unknown to Roman and Greek civilization. Here we find the Christian family established.]
[2431] Matt. v. 32; xix. 9.
[2432] Lev. xx. 10; Deut. xxii. 22.
[2433] Lev. xxi. 9.
[2434] Ezek. xxxiii. 11.
[2435] Luke. xii. 48.

The Pastor of Hermas - Introductions

The Pastor of Hermas: Book 1

The Pastor of Hermas: Book 2

The Pastor of Hermas: Book 3

Tatian the Assyrian's Address to the Greeks

Fragments - Tatian the Assyrian

Theophilus of Antioch - Introduction

Theophilus of Antioch to Autolycus: Book 1

Theophilus of Antioch to Autolycus: Book 2

Theophilus of Antioch to Autolycus: Book 3

Athenagoras

A Plea for Christians by Athenagoras the Athenian: Philosopher and Christian

The Treatise of Athenagoras the Athenian, Philosopher and Christian, on the Resurrection of the Dead

Clement of Alexandria - Introductory Note

Exhortation to the Heathen

The Instructor (Paedagogus) - Book 1

The Instructor (Paedagogus) - Book 2

The Instructor (Paedagogus) - Book 3

Elucidations - Clement of Alexandria

The Stromata, or Miscellanies - Book 1

Elucidations - Purpose of the Stromata

The Stromata, or Miscellanies - Book 2

Elucidations - The Stromata, Book 2

The Stromata, or Miscellanies - Book 3

The Stromata, or Miscellanies - Book 4

Elucidations - The Stromata, Book 4

The Stromata, or Miscellanies - Book 5

Elucidations - The Stromata, Book 5

The Stromata, or Miscellanies - Book 6

Elucidations - The Stromata, Book 6

The Stromata, or Miscellanies - Book 7

Elucidations - The Stromata, Book 7

The Stromata, or Miscellanies - Book 8

Elucidations - The Stromata, Book 8

Fragments of Clemens Alexandrinus

Clemens Alexandrinus on the Salvation of the Rich Man

Elucidations - Clemens Alexandrinus on the Salvation of the Rich Man